cardiac output

transportation, regulation, protection

role of the cardiovascular system

CO (L/min)= HR (beats/min) x SV (L/beat)

cardiac output equation

medulla oblongata

cardiac control center

CNX- vagus releases acetylcholine to decrease HR

parasympathetic NS control of the heart

cardiac accelerator nerve releases norepinepherine which speeds up the rate of contraction

sympathetic NS control of the heart

SV= EDV- ESV

stroke volume equation

end diastolic volume (EDV)

how much blood was in the ventricles before contraction- before it got pumped out (full water bottle)

end systolic volume (ESV)

how much blood is left in the ventricles after contraction

stroke volume (SV)

how much blood got pumped out of the ventricles during contraction

preload

factor that affects SV, amount of blood coming back to the heart

afterload

factor that affects SV, pressure in the aorta that the Left ventricle has to overcome to open up the AV

contractility

how force the heart is contracting

EF= SV/EDV

ejection fraction (EF) equation

heart failure

heart cannot adequately pump blood, caused by valve problems, angina, MI caused dead tissue, chronic hypertension (highafterload—heart has to work too hard)

EF and VO2max

heart failure is measured by

left heart failure

right ventricle is normal, left is weak—blood pools one step back (Lungs)—-pulmonary congestion & edema

right heart failure

left ventricle is normal, right is weak— bloodd pools in systemic circuit— congestion and edema in extremeties & abdomen