Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

AP human geography unit 6

Non-Basic Industries

consist of primarily small businesses that sell to local customers
Jobs such as retail, local banking, and service based sectors (teachers, firefighters, etc.) keep the dollars within the community, but don't bring in anything from outside.

Basic Industries

Serve an export markets

key industries are those which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminum smelting

Business Services

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

Consumer Services

To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
retail, education, health services, leisure & hospitality etc

Public Services

Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Market Area (Hinterland)

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Range (of service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Megacities

cities with more than 10 million people

Metacities

A new term used to describe cities that have 20 million or more people

Primate City

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Rank Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

World Cities (Global Cities)

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce (examples include: New York City, London, Tokyo, Sydney, Buenos Aires...)

Africa City Model

Developed by geographer Harm De Blij
Three CBDs - Traditional market, European colonial center, modern developing CBD • Mining and industry on outskirts of city - Townships close to areas where they work • Ethnic neighborhoods - Reflect tribal identities

Annexation

incorporation of new territory into the domain of a city, country, or state.....The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Boomburbs

rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

Borchert's Epochs (periods)

According to the geographer John R. Borchert, American cities have undergone five major epochs, or periods, of development shaped by the dominant forms of transportation and communication at the time. These include sail-wagon epoch (1790-1830), iron horse epoch (1830-1870), steel rail epoch (1870-1920), auto-air-amenity epoch (1920-1970), and satellite-electronic-jet propulsion and high-technology epoch (1970-present).

Brownfields

contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

This model was devised in the 1920s by Ernest Burgess to predict and explain the growth patterns of North American urban spaces. Its main principle is that cities can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings; as the city grows and expands, new rings are added and old ones change character. Key elements of the model are the central business district and the peak land value intersection.

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Decentralization

the location of a significant amount of authority in the lower levels of the organization

Disamenity Zones

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities)

Edge Cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.....clusters of large buildings away from the central business district

Ethnic Neighborhood

an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

Farmland Protection Policies

discourages Federal activities that would convert farmland to nonagricultural purposes.

Favela

a slum community in a Brazilian city

Galactic (Peripheral) Model

an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Greenbelts

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Developed in the 1950s by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, this model explains the changing growth pattern of urban spaces based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major foci (or focal nodes), many of which are far away from the central business district and only marginally connected to it.

Hoyt Sector Model

Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. He argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie.

Inclusionary Zoning

Refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes.

Infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies, water, sewage, etc) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Islamic City Model

Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities.

Latin American City Model

Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.

Low, Medium, High Density Housing

the number of dwellings per unit of land

Megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

Mixed Land Use

Both Residential and Commercial Land can be in that area.

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

NIMBY (not in my backyard)

local (residential) opposition to development project that are perceived as unpleasant of potentially dangerous in their own neighborhood but do not object to them being developed elsewhere

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Slow-Growth Cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

Smart Growth Cities

have well-defined boundaries, a range of housing options, a mix of residential and commercial buildings, and accessible sidewalks, bike lanes and public transportation. They focus on vibrant, competitive, and livable urban cores

Southeast Asian City Model

McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found separate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Sprawl

spread out

Squatter Settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.

Suburbs (suburbanization)

A suburb is a residential district located on the outskirts of a city. If you live in the suburbs, you probably travel to the city for work. ... Suburbs have more single-family homes than apartment buildings,

Sustainable Design Initiatives

Communities that use smart growth and green building techniques to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible

Traditional Zoning

This refers to setting aside buildings for specific uses. It is done by local governments, and allows for one building to be zoned as either residential, commercial, or industrial.

Urban Growth Boundaries

a legal border that separates an area where development is permitted from an area where development is forbidden

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Urban Renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Vertical Geography

Retail on bottom floors, business on middle floors, hotel rooms and condos on the upper level.

skyscrapers

Retail on bottom floors, business on middle floors, hotel rooms and condos on the upper level.

Zones of Abandonment

Areas that no longer have value to investors and are abandoned by businesses

Urban Realms Model

A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD).

metropolitan

of or pertaining to a large city, its surrounding suburbs, and other neighboring communities.

land tenure

how property rights to land are allocated within societies, including how permissions are granted to access, use, control, and transfer land.