Anatomy Lab 7- Respiratory System

respiratory system

Involves the processes of ventilation, and gas exchange (gas exchange)

to get O2 into the body and get CO2 out

goal of respiratory system

active, diaphragm, intercostal

Inspiration is _____ and requires _______ and ________ muscles

passive, lungs, chest

Expiration is ______and relies on relaxation of ______ and ______

upper and lower portions

Tract is split into

conducting zone

Passages from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles (warm, humidfy, filter)

respiratory zone

Sites of gas exchange: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

from the nose to the larynx

upper respiratory system

external nares

name L; nostrils lined with mucous membranes

vomer, perpendicular plate

Internal nose is split into chambers by the _____ and ______________ of the ethmoid

superior, middle, inferior

The turbinate bones are the ______, ________ and ______ nasal conchae

nasopharynx

name 1; from the posterior nares to the soft palate, contains pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tube openings.

oropharynx

name 2; from the soft palate to hyoid bone, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils and the isthmus of the fauces (opening at the back of the mouth into the throat)

Laryngopharynx

name 3; area where the trachea and esophagus split

thryoid

name this

epiglottis

name this

cricoid

name this; hyaline cartilage

arytenoids (x2)

name this; hyaline cartilage

corniculate x2

name this; elastic cartilage

cuneiforms x2

name these; elastic cartilage

vocal cords

name this; ligaments, which span the inside of the larynx, controlled by skeletal muscle, vibrate, and produce sounds

epiglottis

elastic cartilage flap that covers the glottis (entryway to lower resp. tract that just above the trachea) when we swallow

lower respiratory tract

from larynx down into lungs

trachea

name this

trachea

-Held open by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

-Rings are necessary to conserve energy (so you don't have to force it open each time you breathe)

carina

name this; last tracheal cartilage, very sensitive, stimulates a strong cough reflex, it is where the trachea splits

primary bronchi

Trachea terminates as the left and right _________

pleura; partietal; visceral

covering of the lungs; outer layer is _____ and the inner is ____

serous fluid

Small amounts of ___________ are secreted between the layers to keep the friction low between them

negative intrapleural pressure, surfactant

Lung collapse is prevented by the ___________ and the chemical _______

pneumothorax

Puncturing the pleura results in a

mediastinum

Lungs located in the _________

2, 3

The left lung has _ lobes and the right lung has _ lobes

hilum

Trachea subdivides into 2 primary bronchi that enter the lungs at the

bronchioles

name this

primary bronchus (right and left)

name this

secondary bronchus (2L and 3R)

name this

terminal bronchioles

Last non-respiratory bronchioles are called the

respiratory, alveoli

terminal bronchiles terminate as _______ bronchioles that subdivide into millions of tiny ______

gas exchange

Alveoli cluster in sacs, they are only 1 cell layer thick and this is where ___________ occurs with the pulmonary capillaries.

alveoli

Only the respiratory bronchioles and ______ are in the respiratory zone.

respiratory membrane

▪ Composed of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.

▪ Gas exchange occurs across this membrane

diaphragm, external intercostals,

muscles of inspiration

inspiration

requires active muscle contraction, breathing in

expiration

a passive process in which the lungs recoil of their own accord due to their elasticity, breathing out

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

muscles of expiration

P =1/V

boyles law

500ml - is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal quiet breathing

TV (tidal volume)

700-1200ml - the amount of air that and be forcibly exhaled after a normal TV

ERV(expiratory reserve volume)

900-3100ml - the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal TV

IRV(inspiratory reserve volume)

Is the total lung capacity available for air movement

VC(vital capacity)

IRV+ERV+TV; 3100-4800 mL

VC = _______ which is about

Immovable amount of air remaining within the lungs ~1200ml

RV(residual volume)

Total amount of air in your lungs

TLC(total lung capacity)

VC (IRV+ERV+TV) +RV

TLC=

RR times TV

MRV(minute respiratory volume) =
similar to CO

RR*(TV-DAS)

AVR(alveolar ventilation rate) =
total gas exchange per min during resting conditions
takes into account dead air space (DAS) in conducting zones 150ml

150 ml

how much is the Dead Air Space (DAS)

VC-ERV-TV

IRV=

increases; decreases; collapse

when pneuothorax occurs, air gets into pleural space which ____ pressure and thus ____ volume leading to lung ____

Internal nose

is the chamber that reside over the oral cavity, separated from the mouth by the hard palate

Functional Residual Capacity = ERV + RV

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation ( around 3L in healthy adults);

equilibrium point where the chest wall's outward expansion matches the lungs' inward elastic recoil.

Thyroid cartilage x1

Name this; hyaline cartilage

tertiary; brochioles

secondary bronchi split into ____ bronchi that serve the lobules of the lungs. The branching continues to the level of the ____

Oral Cavity

Name this

Pharynx

Name this; throat

Larynx

Name this; voice box made of 9 cartilages

Nasal Cavity

Name this

Nostril

Name this

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

Pleural Effusion

liquid gets into the pleura cavity and compresses the lung

Inspiratory Capacity (3600ml) IRV + TV

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired over and above the resting tidal volume