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Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Definition: a major corporation in business from 1602 until 1799. During those years, the Dutch government granted it a monopoly on Dutch trade between Europe and Asia.
Significance: the first business entity to link the East and West, it was the first multinational corporation
quinine
Definition: A large and complex molecule, is the most important alkaloid found in cinchona bark.
Significance: Until World War I, it was the only effective treatment for malaria. In fact, quinine was the first chemical compound to be successfully used to treat an infectious disease.
Tupac Amaru II
Definition: Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.
Significance: leader of the largest uprising in colonial Spanish-American history which raged across the Andes from 1780-1783. It became more violent as it progressed, and also more radical, more antislavery, and more anti-Hispanic. Its leader is still remembered in Peru and Bolivia and beyond today.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Definition: Massive uprising of much of India against British rule
Significance: marked a crucial turning point in the history of colonial India. The rebellion was marked by atrocities on both sides, with the British taking savage reprisals for the massacres perpetrated by the rebels. The yearlong insurrection resulted in the dissolution of the British Empire and establishment of the British Raj that ruled India for the next 90 years.
Indian National Congress
Definition:. A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government
Significance: founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement.
Pan-Africanism
Definition: the attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent whether they lived inside or outside of Africa.
Significance: The first achievements of pan-Africanism was the abolishment of slavery in the Caribbean, USA, and Europe. It is obvious that the pan-African movement has contributed a lot to the emancipation of slave population in different corners of the world.
Cecil Rhodes
Definition: British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Aftica who served as prime minister of Cape Colony from 1890-1896.
Significance: one of the richest men on earth. devoted much of personal wealth to acquiring territory and mining concessions for advancement of British empire.
cash crops
Definition: crops that are grown specifically to be sold in a marketplace/traded
Significance: mainly intended for export, plays major role in geographical, geopolitical, social, and economic construction of territories. influenced economic ideas (mercantilism, capitalism, etc)
monocultures
Definition: cultivation of a single crop in a given area
Significance: plants are similar — meaning that the environment which is best suited to one — will also help nest of plants being planted
Treaty of Nanking
Definition: 1842, ended Opium Wars in china and led to diminished Chinese political and economic power
Significance: set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under own laws. One of these was Hong Kong.
ethnic enclaves
Definition: A place with a high
concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
Significance: a result of migration movements driven by industrialization
East India Company (EIC)
Definition: Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600
Significance: it became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century.
Berlin Conference
Definition: sought to discuss the partitioning of Africa, establishing rules to amicably divide resources among the Western countries at the expense of the African people
Significance: established a process for Europeans to cooperate to occupy Africa rather than fight with each other. This cooperation played a huge role in the division and conquest of Africa: the scramble of Africa
Boxer Rebellion
Definition: an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government.
Significance: The Qing dynasty was greatly weakened as a result of the Boxer Rebellion and was overthrown in 1911. The Republic of China was established the following year, bringing an end to more than 2,000 years of imperial dynastic rule.
Spanish-American War
Definition: 1898, conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.
Significance: ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the United States as a Pacific power.
Colonization Society
Definition: The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed in 1817 to send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the United States
Significance: The society's program focused on purchasing and freeing slaves, paying their passage (and that of free blacks) to the west coast of Africa, and assisting them after their arrival there.
Trail of Tears
Definition: In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma
Significance: Removal from their land represented a sheer loss of Native American culture as well. The Trail of Tears was a genocide for these very reasons, as it was a systematic removal of Native Americans and destruction of their culture
Suez Canal
Definition: a human-made waterway that cuts north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.
Significance: was the fastest and most direct maritime trade link between Asia and Europe. enabled a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia
Treaty of Paris
Definition: ended the physical conflicts of the American Revolution and laid out peace terms between the United States and Britain.
Significance: officially ended the revolutionary war and recognized the independence of the thirteen states.
Indian Removal Act
Definition: marked the completion of ethnically cleansing Indigenous peoples from east of the Mississippi River
Significance: In the years that followed, subsequent federal policies would continue to uproot Indigenous peoples, clear the way for additional U.S. expansion, and remove Native peoples from their communities.
Mohandas Gandhi
Definition: also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a preeminent leader of the Indian independence movemns against the British colonial rule.
Significance: He advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve political and social progress.
Gandhi's philosphy of Satyagraha, or truth force, influenced many civil rights movements around the world.
He is revered for his principles of nonviolence, peaceful resistance, and promotion of equality and justice
Porfirio Diaz
Definition: Was a mexican military general and politican who served as President of Mexico for multiple terms during the late 19th century and early 20th centuries, notably from 1876 to 1880 and again from 1884 to 1911.
Significance: He is known for his authoritarian rule, which emphasized stability and economic development but also led to widespread corruption, social inequality, and supression of politcal dissent. Diaz's regime ultimately ended with the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which aimed to overthrow his dictatorship and bring about political and social reforms in Mexico
White Australia Policy
Definition: Before 1973, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country.
Significance: It has been largely replaced by a more flexible policy today; a reaction to migrations driven by industrialization
kangani system
Definition: Labor recruitment system used in British colonial Malaya (now
Malaysia) and other parts of Southeast Asia.
Significance: Under this system, Indian laborers, mostly from the states of Tamil, Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, were recruited to work on plantations, primarily rubber and tea estates, under contracts. The Kangani, or labor recruiter, would bring workers from India and oversee their employment on the plantations. However, the system was often exploitive, with workers facing harsh conditions, indebtedness, and limited mobility
Sino-Japanese War
Definition: the conflict between Japan and China in 1894-95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire.
Significance: for Japan, it was the first step on the road to becoming a major world power. The Sino-Japanese War also laid bare the weakness of traditional Chinese military tactics and technology and will eventually lead to the fall of traditional Chinese society.
Social Darwinism
Definition: the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals - the belief that the fittest and best in terms of social would lead to the survival of their race and people.
Significance: People (mainly Europeans) who were ahead in comparison to most of the world thought this, which led to imperialism and racism.
King Leopold II
Definition: was king of Belgium from 1865 to 1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization
Significance: established Belgium as a colonial power in Africa, but is best known for the widespread atrocities that were carried out under his rule, as a result of which as many as 10 million people died in the Congo Free State.
Treaty of Waitangi
Definition: the treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand.
Significance: main purpose was to ensure that both parties to it would live together peacefully and develop New Zealand together in partnership while establishing a formal colonial government.. assured Māori that their interests will be protected and confirming citizen equality.
Scramble for Africa
Definition: European powers established control over the majority of Africa by 1900.
Significance: As a result of the Berlin Conference, European powers imposed their political and economic systems on the continent, suppressed local cultures and traditions, and exploited the resources and labor of the indigenous populations.
Boer Wars
Definition: War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country
Significance: Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. The war had devastated the Afrikaaners economically and psychologically. This contributed to Boer poverty and accelerated urbanization.
Taiping Rebellion
Definition: was a revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasted from 1850 to 1864
Significance: 20 and 30 million people died in the Taiping Rebellion, making it the bloodiest civil war in history. It did, however, lead to greater inclusion of Han Chinese in the Qing Dynasty's government and weakened the Qing dynasty in general.
spheres of influence
Definition: the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
Significance: As a tool of great power or imperial control, the assertion of spheres of influence can bring order to peripheral areas but can contribute to conflicts when rival powers seek exclusive influence in the same area or when secondary or client states resist subordination
settler colony
Definition: Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.
Significance: foundations on a system of power perpetuated by settlers that represses indigenous people's rights and cultures by erasing it and replacing it by their own
Afrkianers
Definition: a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.
Significance: The settlement of Dutch farmers in South Africa encouraged other Europeans to settle there and eventually this sparked conflict with the natives
Maori
Definition: the native people of New Zealand.
Significance: opposed British attempts to colonize and sparked the New Zealand Wars as well as the Maori King Movement. As a result, the culture of the Maori has not been largely extinguished.
Philippine Revolution
Definition: rebellion against brutal Spanish rule
Significance: fueled by the desire for independence from Spanish control. The situation worsened when the U.S. took over from Spain, further delaying the Filipinos' hope for self-governance. It was a long struggle ending with independence being achieved on July 4, 1946
Philippine-American War
Definition: armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare.
Significance: helped establish the United States as a power in the Pacific. also established a relationship that fostered a substantial Filipino population within U.S. borders.
Maori Wars
Definition: A series of wars that took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the native Maori people.
Significance: series of conflicts that took place in New Zealand between 1845 and 1872. The wars were fought over a number of issues, most prominently Māori land being sold to the settler (white) population.
Xhosa Cattle Killing movement
Definition: Movement that started with vision of a young girl, which inspired the African Xhosa tribe to kill their cattle and destroy their crops.
Significance: the population of the region decreased by 75%. The pivotal Cattle-Killing Movement broke the back of the Xhosa nation and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination
Anglo-Zulu War
Definition: War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom.
Significance: The Zulu were able to win several victories early in the conflict, but thanks to their superior technology and numbers, the British eventually won the war. This British victory led to the annexation of the Zulu Kingdom into the South African Colony.
Proclamation of 1763
Definition: a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide
Significance: prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War.
sepoys
Definition: infantry soldiers from the Indian subcontinent during India's period of colonization
Significance: connects to the Indian Rebellion because the sepoys were against the rule of the British East India Company. The Indian soldiers revolted against the certain practices that violated the religious customs in India against British rule.
Raj
Definition: means prince/royality in Indian lanugages. Can also refer to the British Raj.
Significance: British government took possession of comapny's assests and imposed direct rule. The raj intended to increase Indian participation in governance, but powerlessness of Indians led to intense national independence movement
De Beers Mining Company
Definition: A diamond monopoly that controlled the demand and supply of the diamond industry. Started by Cecil Rhodes.
Significance: monopolized diamond industry, effectively controlling both production and distribution. allowed Britain to dictate global diamond prices and profit immensely from South Africa's diamond wealth
export economies
Definition: economic system — specialized production of one/few natural resources (cotton, rubber, sugar) which are exported to other countries
Significance: industrialization brought about by new technologies and innovations — led to increased productivity and efficiency, which resulted in mass production of foods and increased exports. Led to economic growth and prosperity in many countries.
apartheid
Definition: system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government of South Africa from 1948 - early 1990s
Significance: armed to maintain white minority rule and separate different racial groups: primarily blacks, colored and asians through laws that restricted their rights, movement, and access to resources.
Opium War
Definition: wars between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade as GB illegally imported opium produced in the Middle East and South Asia in hopes of forcing trade with China
Significance: ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges
economic imperialism
Definition: Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments
Significance: examples include British East India Company influence in India, Banana Republics in Honduras
banana republics
Definition: refers to politically unstable countries in Latin America, Central America, or the Caribbean
Significance: characterized by a reliance on a single export commodity, often bananas, and typically marked by a history of dictatorial or authoritarian rule, corruption, and economic inequality. The phrase orginated in reference to countries where foreign fruit companies, particularly American corporations, held significant economic and politcal influence, often at the expense of local populations and democratic institutions
Chinatowns
Definition: one of the oldest most established Chinese enclaves in America
Significance: established schools, temples, and other social institutions which helped preserve cultural practices, languages, and social identity.
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