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biodiversity
the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
species diversity
The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.
genetic diversity
a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population
ecosystem diversity
variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere
Speciation
Formation of new species
species richness
the number of different species in a community
species evenness
the relative proportion of different species in a given area
bottleneck effect
a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size, ususally by a natural disaster
generalist species
species with a broad ecological niche
specialist species
species with a narrow ecological niche
inbreeding depression
genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspring
ecosystem resilience
ability to recover from change or disturbance
ecosystem services
Important environmental benefits, such as clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops, that ecosystems provide
provisioning services
Benefits of biodiversity that humans use, including lumber, fur, meat, crops, water, and fiber
regulating services
benefits of biodiversity that include climate regulation, flood control, and water pollution
supporting services
the basic ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycles and soil formation, that are needed to maintain other services
cultural services
benefits of biodiversity that provide aesthetic, spiritual, or recreational value
Overharvesting
catching or removing from a population more organisms than the population can replace
sequester
to isolate
island biogeography
the study of the species composition and species richness on islands
Evolution
The gradual change in a species over time
range of tolerance
the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate
optimal range
the amount of an abiotic factor that produces the highest possible population
zone of physiological stress
zone of abiotic conditions where small numbers of individuals can survive
zone of intolerance
A region that is so far removed from an organism's optimal range for an environmental variable that the organism cannot survive.
disturbance
A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. .
Migration
movement of genes from one population to another
Fitness
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
selective pressure
Something that makes it harder for an organism to survive in an environment.
primary succession
succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists
secondary succession
type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances
pioneer species
First species to populate an area during primary succession
climax community
A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time
lichen
symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
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