AST + common terms

Bunion

Hallux valgus, abnormal enlargement of the big join at the base of the great toe

popliteal

describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located.

acetabulum

hip socket

Asymphysis

a place where two bones are closely joined

Lamina

posterior portion of a veretebra

sprain

when a ligament connects bone to a join is wrenched or torn

luxation

dislocation, total displacement of a bone from its joint

subluxation

partial displacement of a bone from its joint

capsul

talipes

clubfoot. Congential deformity of the foot involving the talus(ankle bones)

exostosis

outgrowth of tissue

Osteoporotic

pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones

comminuted

crushed into small pieces

Crepitation

the grating sound heard when ends of broken bones move together

autologous

originating within an individual

Cortical bone

Type of bone tissue that is hard and dense, and that surrounds the marrow cavity; also referred to as compact bone.

Cancellous bone

A type of bone tissue found at the ends of bone and lining the medullary marrow cavity; composed of columns of trabeculae with large spaces in between; also referred to as spongy bone due to its appearance.

Periosteum

thing fibrous two-cell layer of tissue surround bone

Endosteum

Thin fibrous layer of tissue like periosteum that lines the channels along the bones and fill the interstitial space of the cancellous bone and the Haversian canals. Initiates bonr growth and provides nutritional substance to bone

Calcitonin

hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that acts on the osteclasts to inhibit their activity and decrease absorption of calcium from the bones.

Diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

Epiphyses (singular, epiphysis)

the ends of bone shaft

Bursa

small synovial fluid sacs in the joints such as the shoulder

Endochondral ossification

the process of new bone forming

Sesamoid

round bones

Flat bones

ribs, scapula, sternum, cranial bones

Synarthrosis

immovable joint. IE the suture line of the cranial bones

Amphiarthrosis

joints that are slightly movable. IE cartilage that connects the vertebrae and disk of cartilage

diarthrosis (synovial joints)

freely movable joint.

Condyle

smooth, round, knuckle-like knob at the end of bone that forms a joint with another bone

Sinus

open space within a bone

Sulcus

depression within a bon

Process

Prominent project or bump on a bone

Tendons

fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Lateral decubitus

orientation where patient lies on their side with body perpendicular to the imaging table or bed

avulsion

tear

EUA

Examination Under Anesthesia

osteophyte

smooth, bony lump that grows along the edges of joints or where bones meet

Streptococcus pyogenes

Causes toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal pharyngitis, impetigo,

Streptococcus aureus

Staph infection.

Mycobacterium leprae

causes Hansen’s dieases, commonly known as leprosy.

Clostridium perfringens

causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

Candida albicans

Yeast-like resident microflora in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract

Treponema pallidum

Causes syphilis

Borrelia burgdorferi

Bacterium that causes Lyme disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Causes Chagas disease. Spread by triatomine or ‘kissing bugs;.

Plasmodium falciparum

Causes Malaria

Kitnner sponge

Small tightly wound cylindrical cotton or rayon sponge. Used for neurology

pledgets

small squares of teflon

gelfoam

absorbable gelatin

Avitene

Absorbable collagen

First intention healing

(primary union). Dead space has been eliminated and wound edges have been approximated.

Second Intention healing

(granulation). Wound cannot be directly apprixmated or in which infection has caused breakdown of a sutured wound. Necrotic tissue is debidged and wound is left open and allowed to heal from the inner layer to the outside surface.

proud flesh

Excessive granulation tissue

Third intentional healing

(delayed primary closure). Infection-free wound is closed and allowed to finish healing process through first intention. A combination of both first and second healing.

nosocomial infection

an infection acquired at. HFC (HAI).

Dehiscence

Partial or total separation of a layer or layers of tissue after closure

Edema

The condition of an abnormally large fluid volume in tissues between the body’s cells

Gerota’s fascia

The smooth exterior fibrous capsule that surrounds the kidneys

Shunt

divert fluid from part to another

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft for a Myocardial infarction

hallux valgus

The outward turning of the great toe away from the midline.

Hallux varus

The inward turning of the great toe toward the midline.

coxa valga

outward turning of the hip joint

coxa vara

inward turning of the hip joint

genu valgum

The knees are in close position and the space between the ankles is increased, referred to as “knock-kneed”

Genu varum

Bowlegged; the space between the knees is abnormally increased and the lower leg bows outwardly

Talipes valgus

Outward turning of the foot away from the midline

talipes varus

i

Colles’ fracture

A fracture of the distal radius that occurs at the epiphysis within 2.54 cm of the wrist joint, forcing the hand into a dorsal and lateral position.

Caused by a direct force, such as when falling and stretching out the hand to break the fall.

Bucket handle

Dual vertical fractures on the same side of the pelvis. Caused by direct force or anterior compression of the pelvis.

Ewing’s tumor

Malignant tumor of bone affecting mostly boys between 5 and 15 years of age. The cure rate is currently greater than 60 percent with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.

agglutination

clumping of red blood cells

RhoGAM

RhoGAM is an injectable medication used to prevent Rh disease, a condition that occurs when an Rh-negative mother's immune system attacks the blood cells of an Rh-positive baby. It is given to pregnant mothers at 28 weeks, after delivery, and following any trauma or pregnancy loss

Retroperitoneal

Referring to the space between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.

Wilm’s tumor

Also called nephroblastoma; Mixed-cell tumor that originates in the kidney and if not treated eventually replaces most of the involved kidney and affects the renal vein causing hemorrhaging and thrombosis. The most common pediatric tumor of the abdomen that affects the kidney.

glenoid fossa

The socket in which the head of the humerus articulates to form the shoulder joint; a ball-and-socket joint.

temporomandibular joint

The joint formed by the mandible that articulates with the glenoid fossa in each temporal bone.

Condyle

Rounded projection/process at the epiphysis of a bone that articulates with another bone; serves as the point of attachment for ligaments.

Malar bones

Form the prominences of the cheeks and a portion of the inferior and lateral wall of the orbit.

oculus dexter

right eye

oculus uterque

Each eye

oculus sinister

Left eye

oculi uterque

Both eyes

canthus

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

conjunctiva

transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball. The plural of conjunctiva is conjunctivae

optic

pertaining to the eye sight

Sclera

The white of the eyes

choroid

the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye

retina

receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve

Humor

describes any clear body liquid or semifluid substance.

uvea

is the pigmented layer of the eye

Chalazion

nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction of a sebaceous gland

Hordeolum

Also known as a stye, is a pus-filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid resulting from an acute infection in a sebaceous gland.

ectropion

eversion of the edge of an eyelid

mydrias

diluation of the pupil

Diplopia

Double vision

Nyctalopia

night blindness

Presbyopia

Condition of common changes in eyes that occur with aging