Biology 1 exam

all the terms from the study guide

Amino Acid

Organic molecules that are the monomers of proteins;

consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom,

an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group.

Anion

Negatively charged atom or molecule

Atomic number

Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

atomic weight

Average mass (number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s

nucleus) for all isotopes of an element.

blind design

Designates an experimental setup in which the researchers

and/or subjects do not know which units are in the control

group and which are in the experimental group.

Capillarity

Action by which the surface of a liquid where it is in contact

with a solid is elevated or depressed depending on the relative

attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for

those of the solid.

Carbohydrate

Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Cation

Positively charged atom or molecule

Centriole

One of a pair of structures that occur especially in animals, are

adjacent to the nucleus, function in the formation of the spindle

apparatus during cell division.

Chloroplast

Organelle hosting the reactions of photosynthesis in

eukaryotes.

Control

Untreated group used as a basis for comparison with the treated

group in an experiment.

Corrrelation

Relation existing between phenomena or things.

Covalent bond

Chemical attraction in which two atoms share electrons.

Cytoplasm

Watery mixture inside the plasma membrane of a cell.

Cytoskeleton

Framework of protein rods and tubules in eukaryotic cells

Dehydration synthesis

Formation of a covalent bond between two molecules by the

loss of water.

Diffusion

Movement of a substance from a region where it is highly

concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated.

DNA

Genetic material consisting of a double helix of nucleotides.

Electron

Negatively charged particle that orbits an atom’s nucleus

Empirical

Originating in or based on observation or experience

Endocytosis

Form of transport in which the plasma membrane engulfs

extracellular material.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Interconnected membranous tubules and sacs in a eukaryotic

cell.

Enzyme

Organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without

being consumed.

Eukaryote

Organism composed of one or more cells containing a nucleus

and other membrane-bound organelles.

Exocytosis

Form of transport in which vesicles containing cell secretions

fuse with the plasma membrane.

Flagella

Long whip-like appendages some cells use for motility.

Grant

Amount of money that is given to someone by a government, a

company, &c., to be used for a particular purpose, such as

conducting research.

Hormone

Biochemical synthesized in small quantities in one place and

transported to another as a way of sending a signal or message

Hydrogen Bond

Weak chemical attraction between opposite partial charges on

two molecules or within one large molecule.

Hydrolysis

Chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water.

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water.

Hydrophobic

Repelled by water

Hypothesis

Testable, tentative explanation based on prior knowledge

Ionic Bond

Attraction between oppositely charged atoms or molecules.

Isotope

Any of the forms of an element, each having a different

number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Journal

Periodical publication containing peer reviewed original

research.

Lipid

Hydrophobic organic molecule consisting mostly of carbon and hydrogen.

Lyosome

Organelle in eukaryotic cells that buds from the Golgi

apparatus and enzymatically dismantles molecules, bacteria,

and worn-out cell parts.

Mitochondria

Organelles that house the reactions of cellular respiration in

eukaryotes.

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.

Neutron

Uncharged particle in an atom’s nucleus.

Nucleic Acid

Long polymer of nucleotides that carries genetic information.

Nucleolus

Structure of the nucleus where components of ribosomes are

assembled.

Nucleotide

Building block of a nucleic acid.

Nucleus (1,2)

1) Central part of an atom. 2) Organelle that contains DNA in

eukaryotes

Organelle

Membrane-bound compartment of a eukaryotic cell that

performs a specialized function.

Organic

Membrane-bound compartment of a eukaryotic cell that

performs a specialized function.

Osmosis

Simple diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

Peer Review

Evaluation of scientific results by experts before publication in a journal.

Peroxisome

Membrane-bound sac that houses enzymes that break down

fatty acids and disposes of toxic chemicals.

Phospholipid

Amphiphilic molecule that makes up cell membranes.

Pilot Study

Small-scale experiment or set of observations undertaken to

decide how and whether to launch a full-scale project.

Plasma Membrance

Semipermeable limiting layer of cell protoplasm consisting of a fluid phospholipid bilayer with intercalated proteins

Primary Source

Publication of original research written up by those who

conducted the research.

Proceedings

Record of things that are said or done at a meeting, conference,

ceremony, etc.

Prokaryote

Cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound

organelles

Protein

Polymer of amino acids folded into a particular shape.

Proton

Particle in an atom’s nucleus with a positive charge.

Protoscience

Set of beliefs or theories that have not yet been tested

adequately by the scientific method but which are otherwise

consistent with existing science.

Pseudoscience

System of theories, assumptions, and methods erroneously

regarded as scientific.

Ribosome

Structure made of RNA and protein that is the site of protein

synthesis.

Secondary Source

Description of research not written by the person who

conducted the research

Solvent

Chemical in which other substances dissolve

Steroid

Lipid consisting of four connected carbon rings.

Theory

Well-supported scientific explanation.

Thesis

Long piece of writing on a particular subject that is done to

earn a degree at a university.

Treatment

Experimental condition that modified in an experiment in order

to test a hypothesis.

Turgor

Force of water pressing against the cell wall.

Vacuole

Cavity or vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell usually containing

fluid.

van der Waals interactions

Relatively weak attractive forces that act on neutral atoms and

molecules and that arise because of the electric polarization

induced in each of the particles by the presence of other

particles.

8 properties of life

1. Organic Composition

2. Order

3. Response to environment

4. reproduction

5. heredity

6. adaptation

7. growth

8. energy use

Describe five basic assumptions in science

1. natural events have specific causes

2. the causes for events in nature can be identified

3. natural events follow general rules and patterns

4. A recurrent natural event has a common cause

5. different people can observe the same natural events

Name the steps in the scientific method

1. initial observation

2. ask a question

3. do background research

4. test a hypothesis

5. conduct an experiment

6. analyze data

7. communicate results

Name the 5 considerations in designing an experiment

1. treatment

2. control

3. replication

4. randomization

5. blind design

Name the levels of organization

1. atoms

2. molecules

3. organelles

4. cells

5. tissues

6. organs

7. organ systems

8. organism

4 types of chemical bonds

1. covalent bonds

2. ionic bonds

3. hydrgoen bonds

4. van der Waals interactions

Name 3 ways of representing a molecule

1. perspective model

2. chemical formula

3. structural formula

4. ball and stick model

5. space filling model

Properties of water

1. adhesion

2. cohesion

3. attraction/repulsion

4. capillarity

5. solvency

categories of macromolecules

1. carbohydrates

2. proteins

3. nucleic acid

4. lipids

six components of cell theory

1. all living things are made up of cells

2. cell is a basic structural/functional unit

3. all cells come from cells

4. cells pass on hereditary information

5. cells are similar chemical composition

6. all energy flow of life occurs in cells

Functions of plasma membrane

1. physical barrier

2. communication

3. recognition

Describe seven functions of membrane proteins

1. Transport of molecules

2. Enzymatic activity

3. Signal transduction

4. Cell-cell recognition

5. Intercellular joining

6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

7. Formation of channels and carriers

how can chemical substances get through plasma membranes

1. simple diffusion

2. facilitated diffusion

3. osmosis

4. active transport

5. endocytosis/exocystosi

functions of vacuoles

1. protection

2. store chemicals

3. turgor pressure