ap human geography unit 6

Central place theory

All market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provision.

Market areas of settlements

The market areas of settlements (hinterlands) overlap one another at different scales.

Large settlements

Large settlements have larger market areas and are few in number.

Small settlements

Small settlements have smaller, more numerous market areas.

Threshold

The minimum number of people required to support a business, partly calculated based on the earnings of the local population.

Range

The maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service, calculated in travel time.

Agglomeration

Exists when similar business activities are found in a local cluster.

Urban Origins

The origins of an urban place often relate to access to resources or access to transportation.

Resource nodes

Towns and cities founded due to access to natural resources.

Transport nodes

Places founded as settlements due to their location as intersections of two or more lines of transportation.

Clustered rural settlements

Communities where all residential and farm structures of multiple households are arranged closely together.

Dispersed rural settlements

Households that are separated from one another by significant distances.

Circular settlements

Generally a circle of homes surrounding a central open space.

Linear settlements

Settlements that tend to follow along a road or a stream front.

Site

The physical characteristics of a place or its absolute location.

Situation

A place's relationship with other locations, or its relative location.

Economic site factors

Factors such as land, labor, and capital that can estimate the capacity of industry and services in a particular place.

Built environment

The physical surroundings created by human activity, including schools, houses, workshops, and stores.

World Health Organization (WHO)

An organization that has determined that housing is an important factor in human health.

Traffic patterns

Become more important than distance in terms of how long it takes to reach a destination.

Research by Walter Christaller

Showed a hierarchy of places across the landscape that follow a regular pattern.

Hexagons in market areas

Used to represent individual market areas and overlap smaller-scale patterns with larger-scale layers.

Competition in markets

Common in heavily populated areas where planning and zoning rules often push similar businesses into the same local areas.

Example of agglomeration

Computer hardware and software firms in the Silicon Valley area due to proximity to high-tech growth poles.

Building codes

Regulations that ensure safe buildings are built and maintained for home, school, and work use.

Floodplain regulations

Protect us from building near floodplains or dirty, polluted rivers and industries.

Water quality standards

Must be clean and provide safe drinking water and adequate sewage and garbage-removal systems.

Aesthetic standards

Must be attractive and well maintained.

Concentric Zone Model

A model that represents the Anglo-American city of the United States and Canada during the height of industrialization.

Ernest Burgess

Theorist who first published the Concentric Zone Model in 1923.

Central Business District (CBD)

Contains the highest density of commercial land use and is characterized by verticality of buildings such as skyscrapers.

Peak land value intersection

The downtown intersection surrounded by the most expensive pieces of real estate.

Industrial zone

An area of low-density commercial land that contains space-dependent activities such as factories, warehouses, rail yards, and port facilities.

Deindustrialization

The era when many American and Canadian cities have rebuilt former industrial areas into festival landscapes.

Inner city housing

Housing that ranged from poor tenements and small apartments to row houses and townhouses for better-paid workers.

Gentrification

The economic reinvestment into existing buildings in inner city housing.

Suburbs

First planned developments with detached single-family homes that began to appear on the periphery of American cities in the 1870s.

Victorian-era garden city movement

Homes designed to look like European farmhouses with front lawns, built for the growing urban middle class of Chicago.

Exurbs

Commuter zone representing a wealthy area of people who own large tracts of land outside the city.

Suitcase farmers

Those who worked in the city but kept farms outside of town.

Bid-rent curve

Represents the cost-to-distance relationship of real estate prices in the urban landscape.

Cost function

Shows the exponential increase in land prices as one moves closer toward the peak land value intersection.

Sector Model

Combines the concepts of the industrial corridor and neighborhood for practical purposes, resulting in a more realistic urban representation compared to the concentric zone model.

Standard central place model

A model with the CBD at the center.

Linear corridor

Industrial space organized surrounding a main transportation line outside the core business district.

Corridor of upper-class housing

An area extending outward from the CBD of several cities.

Working-class neighborhoods

Neighborhoods radiating out from the CBD along the industrial corridor, recognized as ethnic neighborhoods by some theorists.

Middle-class areas

Areas of the city broken into wide, separate sections radiating outward from downtown.

White flight

The phenomenon of people leaving inner-city areas of the United States.

Multiple-nuclei Model of urban structure

A model that attempts to represent the urban landscape with neighborhoods and commercial corridors.

Galactic City Model or Peripheral Model

Represents the post-industrial city with several dispersed business districts.

Decentralization of commercial urban landscape

A shift in the economy to services as the leading form of production.

Specialization of manufacturing

New manufacturing facilities tend to be smaller and require low-cost land.

Suburban retailing

Retailing that occurs in multiple locations around the city.

Retail center closer to the old CBD

Likely an older center.

Retail center at the intersection of the belt highway

Likely a newer center.

Latin American City Model

Depicts common urban landscapes of international locations.

Laws of the Indies

Colonial legal codes enacted by the Spanish government in the New World.

Plaza

A central square that reproduces the style of European cities such as Madrid.

The Commercial Spine

A main boulevard leading from the plaza to the outskirts of the city.

Zone of Elite Housing

An area of upper-class housing straddling the spine leading outward from the city center.

Zone of Maturity

Area of middle- to upper-class housing surrounding much of the CBD.

Zone of In Situ Accretion

The area outside city limits where people of indigenous or mixed descent reside.

Zone of Peripheral Squatter Settlements

Squatter settlements on the urban periphery housing most of the urban poor in Latin America.

Land invasion

Squatters settle a new area overnight with many families to avoid retributions.

Squatter camps

Quickly erected makeshift homes using available building materials.

Land tenure

The legal right or title to the land upon which homes are built.

Zones of Disamenity

Squatter communities closer to the city center built on unsuitable land.

Southeast Asian City Model

Developed in 1967, characterized by high-rise developments and densely populated cities.

The Sub-Saharan African City Model

Developed in 1968, featuring three distinct CBDs reflecting African urban development.

Micro districts

Zones of uniform housing providing worker housing near job sites.

Suburbanization

The phenomenon where detached single-family homes dominate the American suburban landscape.

Linear corridor

Industrial space organized surrounding a main transportation line outside of the core business district.

Middle-class areas

Broken into wide, separate areas radiating outward from downtown.

Decentralization of the commercial urban landscape

A shift as the economy transitions to services as the leading form of production.

Specialization of manufacturing

New manufacturing facilities tend to be much smaller and require low-cost land to operate.

Suburban retailing

Retailing that often occurs in multiple locations around the city.

Plaza

A central square that reproduced the style of European cities such as Madrid.

The Commercial Spine

A main boulevard constructed leading from the plaza to the outskirts of the city.

Zone of In Situ Accretion

The area outside of city limits where people of indigenous or mixed descent made their homes.

Land tenure

The legal right or title to the land upon which they build their homes.

Southeast Asian City Model

Developed in 1967, marked by high-rise developments and densely populated cities.

The Western commercial zone

Functionally a CBD populated primarily by Western businesses.

The alien commercial zone

Dominated by Chinese merchants who reside in the same buildings as their businesses.

The Sub-Saharan African City Model

Features three distinct CBDs reflecting the history of African urban development.

Suburbs

Residential areas on the outskirts of a city, often characterized by single-family homes.

First suburban single-family homes

Appeared in the 1890s.

Original American suburbs

Culturally populated by WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants).

Suburban integration

Occurred between the late 1960s and the 1980s, incorporating Catholic and non-white middle-class populations.

2010 census suburban population

Just over 50 percent of the U.S. population lived in suburban areas.

Suburban expansion

Suburbs continue to expand outward and are the largest zones within urban models.

Post World War II homeownership

Increased significantly due to federal home loan programs such as the G.I. Bill.

Federal Housing Administration

A federal program that increased the number of mortgages available to the American public.

Public finance mortgage corporations

Radically increased the number of mortgages available with regulated interest rates and limited processing fees.

Levittowns

Factory-style housing construction methods that used prefabricated parts and specialized construction teams.

Service Relocation in the Suburbs

The boom in suburban home construction prompted small service providers to locate in suburban areas.

Basic Services

Services like food, family doctor, fuel, and auto repair.

Non-basic Services

Services such as dry-cleaning and gift shops.

Middle-class flight

The movement of middle-class individuals from inner cities to suburban areas.

Deindustrialization

The decline of industrial activity in urban manufacturing economies.