Medicine through time and on the western front

When was the Crimean war?

1854

when was the printing press invented?

1440

what does renaissance mean?

rebirth

what year was the first public health act?

1848

what year did Edward Jenner publish 'The Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccine' where he had treated smallpox with cowpox?

1798

when was the first cholera outbreak in Britain?

1831

what year did John Snow invent a chloroform inhaler to reduce the risk of overdosing?

1848

what year was Florence Nightingale born?

1820

what year were x-rays invented?

1895

what date did Britain declare war on Germany?

4th August 1914

how many people did trench fever affect on the western front?

500,000

what were the symptoms of shellshock?

tiredness, headaches, nightmares, loss of speech, uncontrollable shaking, mental breakdowns

how many British soldiers experienced shellshock?

80,000

what % of injuries were to the arms and legs?

60%

why was the dissection of human bodies once illegal?

when the church was in power they believed that your body had to be whole for it to be accepted into heaven

what year did Vesalius publish his book 'On The Fabric of the Human Body'?

1543

what year were animal to human blood transfusions banned and why?

1670, because it killed every patient it was attempted on as animal blood isn't compatible with human blood

what was dysentery?

a stomach bug that only affected children and caused severe diarrhoea

what year did the great plague epidemic arrive in England?

1665

how many Londoners died from the great plague?

100,000

in 1628, a new theory was published which suggested that blood circulates around the body instead of being made up in the liver. who published this theory?

William Harvey

who developed more powerful microscopes?

Anton Leeuwenhoek

what is miasma?

the idea that disease is spread by bad smells and evil fumes (this theory became even more widespread during epidemics)

why was more medical experimentation being done in the 17th century?

the church had less authority and so didn't have as much control over education and teaching Galen's theories. Vesalius was able to prove Galen wrong

what was the royal society's aim?

promote and carry out experiments to further the understanding of science

what was Thomas Sydenham known as?

English Hippocrates

why did William Harvey dissect cold blooded animals?

they had a slower heartbeat, to observe the movement of blood while they're still alive.

what was the name of Harvey's book?

'An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals'

what was the name of the drug that cured syphilis during the early 20th century?

salvarsan 606

who discovered penicillin and when?

Alexander Fleming, 1928

when was the human genome project launched?

1990

name 6 diseases smoking is related with

lung cancer, mouth cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, lung disease, tooth decay

what year did the government set up the Ministry of Health?

1919

What act allowed workers earning under a certain amount of money to be entitled to free medical care?

National Insurance Act, 1911

when was the NHS established?

1948

when was the first magic bullet discovered and what was it called?

Salvasan 606?

1909

in what year did the black death arrive in Britain?

1348

what caused the spread of the black death?

fleas on rats

how long did it take for a victim to die of the black death?

3-5 days

what fraction of the population of England died?

1/3

what three things did people believed caused the black death?

astrology, god, miasma

what were some treatments for the black death?

praying, herbs, bleeding, purging, piercing buboes

what was the Hippocratic oath

an oath sworn by all physicians to keep their patients out of harm

who was the first person to use carbolic acid to prevent infection during surgery in 1865?

joseph lister

why did the royal society refuse to publish Jenners findings on smallpox?

because he couldn't explain it

what year did Robert Koch identify the microbe causing anthrax which proved Pasteur's germ theory?

1875

why did the British government favour the new method of vaccination?

cheaper than inoculation, more reliable than inoculation, safer than inoculation, recipients of vaccines didn't need to be put into quarantine

what year did the government make smallpox vaccinations compulsory?

1872

what year did Nightingale become the superintendent of nurses at King's College Hospital in London?

1853

who discovered the use of chloroform as a effective anaesthetic

james simpson

what caused chloroform to gain popularity in Britain?

Queen Victoria was administered it during childbirth

name one issue with chloroform apart from overdosing

it encouraged doctors to try more complex surgeries which often resulted in infection and blood loss

how long did it take for someone suffering from cholera to die?

2-6 days

what year was the great stink

1858

who built the new sewer systems in London?

joseph bazalgette

what year did Koch publish germ theory?

1861

what was the theory of spontaneous generation?

the idea that living matter can originate from inanimate objects

name 5 of the microbes for diseases that Koch discovered

tetanus, the plague, meningitis, pneumonia, diptheria

what is the 'lazziez-faire' attitude?

when the government werent involved in the day-to-day lives of the people

In 1842, Edwin Chadwick published his report 'on the sanitary conditions of the labouring classes'. what did this report show?

that people living in the countryside had a longer life expectancy compared to those living in towns due to the towns being unclean and unsanitary

what were the four humours?

yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm

name three reasons why Galen was still influential during the middle ages?

influence of the church, importance of learning from books, lack of alternative

bullets were responsible for what % of wounds?

39%

how quickly could gas gangrene kill someone?

24 hours

why is the second battle of Ypres significant?

it was the first time the germans used chlorine gas on the western front

how many causalities did the British suffer at the end of the Battle of the Somme in 1916?

400,000

what was wound debridement and why was this done?

cutting away of the dead, damaged or infected tissue from the around the wound. this needed to be done quickly as infection could easily spread.

when was the carrel-dankin method used on the western front and what was it?

first used in 1917, involved using a sterilised salt solution int he wound through a tube to clear out the infection

by 1989, how many men had lost their limbs due to amputation to reduce the spread of infection?

240,000

from 1917, what was the name of the key hospital providing facial disfigurement surgery?

Queen's Hospital, Kent

what are the main stages of the chain of evacuation?

Regimental Aid Post, Dressing Station, Casualty Clearing Station, Base Hospitals

How many Smallpox epidemics were there throughout the 18th Century?

11

What was the worst Smallpox epidemic and how many people died?

1769 - 3548 people died

Where did Edward Jenner practise medicine?

St George's Hospital in London

What year did Edward Jenner infect a local boy with smallpox and what was his name?

1796 and his name was James Phipps

When did the British government make inoculation a crime?

1840

By 1800, how many people had been vaccinated against smallpox nationally?

100,000

What did the French commander Napoleon do to his entire army in 1805?

Vaccinated them against smallpox

When was the Royal Jennerian Society founded?

1803

How many British people were vaccinated in the space of two years?

12,000

What points did the Second Health Act cover?

Providing clean water, Disposing of sewage, Public toilets, Public officer of health, Better quality houses, Public parks for exercise, Street lighting, Checking quality of food in shops

What happened to hospitals in the 1530's?

Henry VIII had disbanded all of the monasteries which heavily funded

How did hospitals change during 1700's?

The levels of hospitals increased from endowment of wealthy individuals (enlightenment), People were actually treated, Doctors visited patients regularly, Surgeon/ apothecary on-site

How many hospitals were there in Britain by 1700?

5

How many nurses went to Crimea?

Florence Nightingale and 39 other nurses

What did Florence Nightingale order for when she was in Crimea?

300 scrubbing brushes, Nurses organised to treat nearly 2000 patients, Clean bedding and good meals were provided

How much did the mortality rate decrease by when Florence Nightingale reorganised the Crimean hospitals?

Fell from 40% to 2%

How did Florence Nightingale reorganise hospitals when she arrived back in the UK?

She advised hospitals to follow the Pavilion plan (Well ventilated rooms, more windows, larger rooms, separated wards). Established the Nightingale School for Nursing in at St Thomas' hospital

What year did the French Academy of Science challenge scientists to disprove/ prove the theory of spontaneous generation?

1860

What caused Pasteur to propose the Germ Theory?

He observed the bacteria that made wine and vinegar go off by which he concluded that it was the same bacteria that caused disease

What two ways did Pasteur test his germ theory?

He concluded that bacteria were killing France's silkworm. Pasteur injected cholera into chickens which he concluded made them feel ill. However Pasteur used this experiment to prove Jenner's theory. Pasteur repeatedly injected the chickens making them immune. This was the first time a vaccination was produced

What influence did Pasteur have?

No influence as he was not a doctor and his work solely focused on decay

How did Spontaneous Generation remain apparent throughout England in the 19th Century?

It was advocated by Dr Henry Bastian who was one of the most famous doctors in the country

Who was John Tyndall?

Scientist who advocated Pasteur's work. He discovered there was small organic particles in the air (dust particles carried germs)

What year did Robert Koch discover the bacteria for TB?

1882

When did Koch discover the bacteria for Cholera

1884 (In Calcutta)

What year did Watson and Crick publish their findings about DNA?

1953

Who created the electron microscope and when?

Ernst Ruska in 1931

What year did James Simpson discover chloroform?

1847