Year 9 Humanities Biomes

Tundra: Animals

Cold-adapted animals with thick fur or feathers, like Arctic foxes and snow owls, and migratory species such as caribou.

Tundra: Vegetation

Sparse vegetation of mosses, lichens, shrubs, and grasses adapted to cold temperatures and short growing season.

Tundra: Temperature

Large variation with average temperatures ranging from

-34°C in winter to 10°C in summer.

Tundra: Precipitation (rain)

Consistently low precipitation, typically less than 250mm annually, mostly as snow.

Tundra: Seasons

Long, dark, and cold winter followed by a short summer.

Tropical Rainforest: Animals

Diverse animals with vibrant colours and specialised adaptations for climbing and flying in the dense canopy or hiding in the understory.

Tropical Rainforest: Vegetation

Dense and predominately evergreen vegetation with multi-layered canopy of tall trees and a diverse understory of plants.

Tropical Rainforest: Temperature

Small variation with high and relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year, averaging between 24°C - 30°C.

Tropical Rainforest: Precipitation (rain)

High annual precipitation, usually exceeding 2,000mm, which mostly falls during the wet season with reduced rainfall during the dry season.

Tropical Rainforest: Seasons

While tropical rainforests lack distinct temperature-based seasons, they do experience wet and dry seasons with variations in rainfall patterns.

Temperate Forest: Animals

Animals adapted to seasonal changes, including mammals like deer, birds like woodpeckers, and amphibians.

Temperate Forest: Vegetation

Mixed deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, and wildflowers; distinct seasons with shedding of leaves in winter.

Temperate Forest: Temperature

Moderate variation with average temperatures ranging from 20°C-30°C in summer and 10°C-10°C in winter.

Temperate Forest: Precipitation (rain)

Moderate to high precipitation, ranging from 750mm-2,000mm annually that falls evenly and consistently throughout the year.

Temperate Forest: Seasons

Four distinct seasons with noticeable variations in temperature, daylight hours, and vegetation.

Boreal Forest: Animals

Cold-adapted animals like wolves and moose, with thick fur or camouflage, and migratory bird species.

Boreal Forest: Vegetation

Coniferous trees like spruce, fir, and pine trees; mosses, lichens, and low-lying shrubs that are adapted to the cold.

Boreal Forest: Temperature

Large variation with average temperatures below -40°C during long, harsh winters to 5°C-20°C during the short summer season.

Boreal Forest: Precipitation (rain)

Moderate precipitation, averaging between 400mm - 1,000mm year, that falls evenly and consistent throughout the year.

Boreal Forest: Seasons

Strong seasonality with a long, cold winter and a brief growing season in summer.

Hot Desert: Animals

Animals with water-conserving features, like camels, reptiles such as snakes and lizards, and nocturnal species.

Hot Desert: Vegetation

Sparse drought-tolerant succulents, thorny shrubs, and cacti; minimal grasses; adapted to extreme temperatures and water scarcity.

Hot Desert: Temperature

Small variation with average temperatures ranging from 40°C- 50°C in the scorching summer and 20°C-30°C in milder winter.

Hot Desert: Precipitation (rain)

Very low precipitation, often less than 250mm per year. Rainfall is infrequent, irregular, and almost non-existent.

Hot Desert: Seasons

Generally, lacks distinct seasons, with hot and dry conditions prevailing throughout the year.

Biome

A large naturally occuring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat.

What does BOLTSS stand for?

Border

Orientation (compass point indicating at least North)

Legend or Key

Title

Scale

Source

What does PQE stand for?

Pattern: Linear, Clustered or Scattered. Include locational language

Quantify: Add further detail to identified pattern using quanification (percentage)

Exception: Identify and outline exception in pattern

What are the 4 climate zones?

Tropical Zone, Subtropical Zone, Temperate Zone and Polar Zone.

Militarism

militarism, which is the belief in building up strong armed forces

Alliances

an agreement made between two or more countries to give each other help if it is needed

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, France and Russia. They formed their alliance partly to contain the growing power of Germany.

Imperialism

Imperialism is when powerful countries try to grow their wealth and influence by taking over other lands and ruling people outside their own borders

Nationalism

when people strongly identify with their own nation or group and want their own country

Scramble for Africa

A period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers from late 19th to early 20th centuries specifically 1881 to 1914.

Arms Race

competition between nations, particularly during the WW1, to build up military capabilities, especially nuclear weapons, leading to significant geopolitical tensions and a constant threat of conflict.

Blank cheque

Germany was giving Austria-Hungary permission to do whatever it wanted with Serbia

July Crisis

A diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to the First World War.

Ultimatum

a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation

Colonies

lands that are controlled by another nation

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a particular cause, doctrine, or point of view

Diplomacy

Negotiation between nations

Primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

Secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

COMA

Describe the Content (what it says or shows)

Identify the Origin (who, when and where it was made)

Explain the Motive (what are they trying to say)

Consider the Audience (what and who was it for)

Dreadnoughts

massive, heavily armed warships introduced by Britain in 1906. They were faster and stronger than earlier battleships

Airships (Zeppelins)

These large floating aircraft (also called zeppelins) were used to spy on enemy positions and later to drop bombs.

Pickelhaube

The Pickelhaube is a spiked helmet that was primarily worn by Prussian and German

Black Hand

A secret Serbian group formed in 1911 by army officers who wanted to unite all Slavic people in the Balkans into one country called Yugoslavia.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

King George V

King George V was not only the ruler of Great Britain but also the Emperor of India and the ruler of many other lands overseas. These territories formed the British Empire.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Tsar Nicholas II

Tsar Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, a weak autocratic ruler whose poor leadership and involvement in World War I led to his overthrow and execution in 1917.

Emperor Franz Joseph I

The ruler of Austria-Hungary and the oldest monarch in Europe at the time (84 years old).

Britain builds first dreadnought

10 Feb 1906

Formation of Triple Alliance

1892

Formation of Triple Entente

1907

Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia

1908

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

28 June 1914

Austria-Hungary gives issues ultimatum to Serbia

23 July 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

28 July 1914

Russia begins preparing its army to support Serbia

30 July 1914

Germany declares war on Russia

1 August 1914

Germany declares war on France

3 August 1914

Germany invades Belgium; Britain declares war on Germany

4 August 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia

6 August 1914

Utilitarianism

Is a theory of decision making that believes that the best actions are those that result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Deontology

Is a theory of decision making that emphasises the inherent moral principles and duties that should guide our actions, regardless of their outcomes.

Sociology

Is a social science discipline that seeks to understand and explain human society and social behaviour. It examines the interactions, relationships and structures that shape individuals, groups and communities.

Socialisation

Socialisation is the process through which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, beliefs and behaviours of their society or social group.

Culture

Culture is defined by the material and non-material elements that characterise a particular group or society.

Material Culture

Material Culture refers to the physical objects, artifacts and tangible aspects of a society or culture. Example: Art, Clothing that are created, used and valued by a group of people.

Non-Material Culture

Non-Material culture refers to the intangible aspects of a society or culture. It encompasses the beliefs, values, norms, expected behaviours, language and symbols that are shared and transmitted among members of a group.

Beliefs

Beliefs are specific ideas within a culture, convictions or interpretations that individuals hold about the world, themselves and others.

Values

Values refer to the fundamental principles, ideals and standards that a society or group considers important and desirable. They serve as guiding principles that influence individuals hold about the world, themselves and others.

Norms

Norms are umbrella terms for socially accepted ules and expectations that govern behaviour and interactions, including both formal and informal norms. Examples include greeting etiquette, table manners or gender roles.

Expected Behaviours

Expected Behaviours are the specific actions that fall under and align with the social norms of a society or culture. They are socially prescribed actions and conduct that are considered appropriate within a pareticular culture or social setting. This ca include offering help or showing gratitude.

Language

Language is the system of communication used within a culture, including spoken, writtin and non-verbal forms of communication. Language shapes how people perceive and interpret the world and it play a crucial part in cultural indentity.

Symbols

Representations that carry meanin and represent abstract consepts or ideas within a culture. Symbols can include religious symbols, national flags, logos etc.

Primary Socialisation

It the intial and most influential phase of socailisation, which occure during childhood and is primarily facilitated by family members or caregivers. It is during this stage that individuals learn basic social skills, language and cultural norms, specific to their immediate environment.

Primary Agent: Culture

Culture and its emcompassing elements, act as a primary agent of socailisation by providing the social norms, expected behaviours, values and beliefs that shape the development of an individuals' identity.

Primary Agent: Family

The family is recognised as the most important primary agent of socialisation. Family is often the first source in which a person commences social communication. The family plays the most important role in primary socialistaion because the family is typically the first and most influential agent of socialisation.

Main Roles of Family

Intial Socialisation: Children observe and imitate the behaviours of their parents and siblings, learning basic social skills, language and cultural practices.

Cultural Identity: The family transmits cultural values, beliefs and norms from one generation to the next.

Social and Emotional Development: The family significantly influences and individual's social and emotional development. Family dynamics, relationships and interactions shape a person's understanding of love trust =, empathy and conflict resolution.

Transmission of Practical Skills: The family is responsible for teaching practical skills necessary for daily life.

Secondary Socialisation

Secondary Socialisation refers to the process of learning and internalising norms, values, roles and behaviours that occur outside the immediate family. It occurs as individuals interact with various social institutions and groups in society such as schools, friends and the workplace.