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palm

palm-sized

lòng bàn tay

rectangular (n)

It was most often inscribed on palm-sized, rectangular clay tablets measuring several centimetres across,

hình chữ nhật

line (n)

diagonal (n)(a)

triangular (a)—>triangle(N)

series of line

The original cuneiform signs consisted of a series of lines - triangular, vertical, diagonal and horizontal.

đường kẻ

đường chéo

đường tam giác

impress (v)

impression(n)

Rawlinson made impressions of the marks on large pieces of paper, as he balanced dangerously on the surrounding rocks.

Sumerian writers would impress these lines into the wet clay with a stylus

in ấn

bản in ,bản dập,sự ấn tượng

odd

Oddly, the signs were often almost too small to see with the naked eye.

kỳ lạ

adopt

adapt

nhận nuôi,áp dụng ,thông qua

thích nghi,điều chỉnh

herd (N)(v)=flock (chim)=pack (săn mồi)=school(cá)=swarm(côn trùng)=flock(nhóm lớn_

bầy đàn/giữ bò chăn trâu

the number of / a number of

few little

nhiều

ít

cloth (n)

These tokens might then be placed in a cloth container and provided to a buyer as a receip

vải

receipt (n)

transact (v)

transaction (N)

These tokens might then be placed in a cloth container and provided to a buyer s a receaipt for a transaction, perhaps five tokens for five animals.

buôn bán

giao dịch

envelope (N)

They began putting tokens in a container resembling an envelope, and now made of clay instead of cloth.

phong bì/bao thư

abstract (a)=theoretical,notional

Complex, abstract symbols developed

trừu tượng,khó hiểu,lý thuyết

resemble (v)=look like=mirror=echo=simulate=parallel=take after

For example, an image which resembled the drawing of a sheep meant just that.

giống

evolve=develop=progress=advance=mature=undergi a transition

finally evolving into signs that looked nothing like what they referred to,

phát

triển

just as

just as the letters ‘h-o-u-s-e’ have no visual connection to the place we live in

giống như

mainly=primarily=chiefly=largely=mostly-

primary (a)

However, most linguists and historians agree cuneiform developed primarily as a tool for accounting

chủ yếu

sơ đẳng

To:hướng đến eg i go to school

—>into N He walked into the room

—>onto N She stepped onto the stage

Rawlinson copied inscriptions onto

hướng đến bên trong N

hướng đến lên trên N

là kiểu trong N

hoặc lên N thôi đơn giản vậy thôi

in thì gần giống into

còn onto thì hơi khác on tí

balance (V)

dangerously

Rawlinson made impressions of the marks on large pieces of paper, as he balanced dangerously on the surrounding rocks.

cân bằng

mark (V) (N)

Rawlinson made impressions of the marks on large pieces of paper, as he balanced dangerously on the surrounding rocks.

đánh dấu

chứng cứ,dấu hiệu,dấu vết

mistake (V) A for B

In fact, these children often mistake an advertisement for a …..from the programme they are watching.

nhầm lẫn cái gì là cái gì

mislead (v)

the ponsor is a long-standing practice that often misleads the consumer (Geis, 1982).

đánh lừa

exhibit

—>exhibition (n)

Most children below the age of 4 or 6 exhibit low awareness of the concept of commercials,

thể hiện,trưng bày ra

triển lãm

percieve (v)

perception (n)

perceptually (adv)

distinct (a)

This likely occurs because they are not perceptually distinct from the adjacent programming that surrounds them

nhân thức,cảm nhận

sự nhận thức,cảm nhận

riêng biệt

feature (v)

many separators feature characters that appear in the same show that the commercial has just interrupted.When an ad includes one of the characters featured in a program, this is known as host-selling.

làm nổi bật/bao gồm

broadcast (v) —> broadcast (2)—>broadcast (3)

original (a)—>originally (adv)

Originally children’s programmes were only broadcast when adults rarely watched TV

phát sóng

nguyên bản

—>adv ban đầu

relegate (V)

tobe relegated

eg premier league relegation is west ham

In decades past, television programming targeted at children was limited and relegated to time slots unpopular with their parents,

xuống hạng

bị đẩy xuống hạng

buy=purchase(V)(N)

children aged 14 years and under make $24 billion in direct purchases

mua

underscore=feature (v)

stake (n)

high stake

children aged 14 years and under make $24 billion in direct purchases and influence $190 billion in family purchases, underscoring the high stakes involved (McNeal, 1987).

nhấn mạnh /làm nổi bật

lợi nhuận/số tiền cược/cổ phần

mức độ lợn nhuận/rủi ro cao

closure (N)

disclosure (N)

Another common feature of advertising to children is the use of product disclosures such as 'batteries not included’ or 'each part sold separately'.

đóng

ko đóng—>tiết lộ

comprehend (v)=understand=grasp

Studies make clear that young children do not comprehend the intended meaning of these disclaimers. For example, fewer than one in four kindergarten through second grade children could grasp the meaning of 'some assembly required' in a commercial

hiểu

qualifying

In contrast, the use of child-friendly language such as 'you have to put it together' more than doubled the proportion of children who understood the qualifying message (Liebert et al, 1977).

điều kiện

sugared

disclosure included in most cereal ads to combat the concern that sugared cereal holds little nutritional value for childre

có đường

obscure (a)

This pattern of employing creative terminology in advertising content so as to obscure certain information that might be unhelpful to the sponsor is a long-standing practice that often misleads the consumer (Geis, 1982).

mở hồ

escalate (v) =increase=…

diffuse (v)

diffusion

cable (N)

—>cable television

leo thang /tăng\

khuyết tán

sự khuyết tán

cáp → truyền hình cáp

devote (v)

there are numerous national program services devoted exclusively to children.

cống hiến

orient (v)

Naturally, these channels deliver significant amounts of child- oriented marketing messages

định hướng

discriminate (v)

“This type of advertising makes the task of discriminating between program and commercial content particularly difficult for young children (Kunkel, 1988) and is thus restricted in the US by the Federal Communications Commission during children’s programs.

phân biệt đối xử

leave so with st

leaf—>leaves: (N)

this common disclaimer actually leaves many children with the misimpression that cereal alone is sufficient for a meal.

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