ESOL Praxis: Foundations of Linguistics

4 types of cueing systems

semantic cues

syntactic cues

graphophonic cues

pragmatic cues

semantic cues

meaning, uses prior knowledge

syntactic cues

grammar, rules and patterns of language

graphophonic cues

phonics, decoding

pragmatic cues

social use of language

phonological awareness vs phonemic awareness vs phonics

Phonological awareness = overarching skill including manipulating chunks of sound (big umbrella)

Phonemic awareness = understanding individual sounds in words (falls under phonological awareness)

Phonics = letter/sound correspondence

phonological awareness

big umbrella, chunks of sound

phonemic awareness

under phonological awareness, individual sounds

phonics

letter/sound correspondence

overgeneralizing

when ELLs apply English rules to all words even when it’s incorrect (sleeped instead of slept)

6 major areas of oral language

1. phonology

2. vocabulary/semantics

3. morphology

4. grammar/syntax

5. pragmatics

6. discourse

phonology

how sounds are organized in language

vocabulary/semantics

both expressive and receptive, understanding meaning of words

morphology

smallest unit of meaning in words, such as compound words

grammar/syntax

structure of language and words

pragmatics

social cues or norms in language

discourse

dialogue, speaking and listening

modal verbs

helping verbs: will, can, should, might, etc.

clause

contains a subject and predicate

3 Universal Language Principles

1. Language is RULE-GOVERNED (grammar)

2. Language is SYSTEMATIC (phonics)

3. Language is ARBITRARY (sounds=/=meaning)