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Climate
The generalization of day-to-day weather conditions over a long period of time, typically 30 years.
Weather
Refers to atmospheric conditions of a place for a short period of time, involving temporary changes in climate.
Seasons of Pakistan
Pakistan experiences four seasons - winter (mid-December to March), early summer (April to June), late summer (July to September), and post-monsoon (October to mid-December).
Rainfall and Altitude
Rainfall patterns are associated with altitude, with higher precipitation in northern mountains compared to western mountains in Pakistan.
Temperature Conditions
Vary from north to west in Pakistan, influenced by altitude, with summers being short and mild due to heat transfer and high sun angle, while winters are very cold due to high altitude and low sun angle.
Continental Effect
Leads to dry and warm summers in northern mountains due to the continental effect, aridity, and high sun angle, while winters are mild and warm.
Transhuman
Seasonal migration of people from higher to lower ground in mountainous regions during winter in search of pastures, food, and water for their livestock.
Nomadic herdsmen
People who move from place to place with their animals, often not having a permanent settlement.
Landslides
The movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope due to gravity.
Relief rainfall
Rainfall that occurs when warm, moist air is forced to rise over elevated landforms.
Arid zone
A region characterized by a lack of moisture, often leading to dryness and desert-like conditions.
Desert heat
Extreme heat experienced in desert areas, often leading to hot and dry conditions.
Highland areas
Elevated regions that are suitable for farming due to their colder climate.
Continental effect
The influence of a continent on the climate of a region, often leading to extreme temperature variations.
Maritime Influence
The impact of the sea on the climate, keeping temperatures lower in coastal areas due to sea breezes.
Gwadar Port
A major port in Pakistan, crucial for economic development and international trade.
Warm Water Seaport
A type of seaport that remains operational throughout the year due to the absence of freezing conditions.
