Matter and Energy

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

Kinetic molecular theory

theory that explains the behavior of matter.

• All matter is made of particles.

• Particles are in constant, random motion.

• Particles collide with each other and the container they are in.

Solids

Fixed volume, fixed shape, particles vibrate

Liquids

Fixed volume, changing shape, particles slide/flow past each other

Gases

No fixed volume or shape, particles move freely

Physical property

State of matter can be observed without changing the matter into a different type matter.

Thermal energy

The sum of kinetic and potential energy of atoms/particles in an object

Heat

Thermal energy that travels from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object

Insulator

Material that does not allow heat to flow

Conductor

Material that does allow heat to flow

Conduction

Transfer of energy through direct contact

Radiation

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves (does not require matter)

Convection

Transfer of energy through the movement of particles due to density (warm rises because it is less dense and cold falls because it is more dense)

Specific heat

Amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of a material 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin

Sublimation

Change in state from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid

Deposition

Change in state from a gas to a solid without becoming a liquid

Heat of fusion

The amount of energy needed to turn a solid into a liquid at its melting point

Heat of vaporization

The amount of energy needed to turn a liquid into a gas at its boiling point

Vaporization

The phase/state transition from liquid to gas

Evaporation

Caused by pressure change, occurs only at the surface of a liquid

Boiling

Caused by a temperature change, occurs throughout the liquid