CLCIV 101 Midterm 1 UMich

When is the Minoan period?`

3000 - 1450 BC

When is the Mycenaean period?

1600 - 1150 BC

When were the Dark Ages?

1150 - 700 BC

When was the Archaic period?

700 - 480 BC

When was the Classical period?

480 - 323 BC

When was the Hellenistic period?

323 - 30 BC

Henrich Schliemann

discovered Troy, Mycenae

Cnossus

discovered by Arthur Evans, large Minoan palace, many rooms, palace economy

Fresco from Akrotiri

Minoan

Snake Goddess

Minoans worshipped, symbol of fertility

Bull Jumping Fresco

Mycenaean (horns of consecration, Cretan)

Seal with Goddess and Demons from Tiryns

Mycenaean

Goblet from Vaphio

Mycenaean

Dagger blade

Mycenaean

Linear A

Minoan, never deciphered

Linear B

Mycenaean, deciphered as Greek, mixed writing system, Pylos tablet

Dipylon Vase

8th century renaissance

Cup of Nestor

8th century renaissance

Exekias, Achilles and Ajax

Archaic period

Mask of Agamemnon

Mycenaean period

Tombs of Clymnestra

Mycenaean period

Boar hunt fresco

Mycenaean

Syncretism

combination of different beliefs and practices

Hoplite equipment art

Archaic period

The Chigi Vase

Archaic period

Mycenaean economy

agricultural economy

Early Dark Ages

no writing, no centralized economy, iron discovered

Late Dark Ages

revival, artistry returns (pottery), Greeks trade in the Mediterranean

Archaic Period classes

increasing class differences and between rich/poor

Hoplite Revolution cause

many more wars due to population increase

Hoplites

citizens who fight in the army, normally middle/lower class

Hoplite equipment

bronze helmet, spear, shield, short sword

Hoplite formation

phalanx, fosters community because very united

Greek Tyrants

power seized by an aristocrat and was supported by hoplites, tyrant supported the middle class

Pisistratus

coins, temple to Athena, founded Dionysia, sons Hippias and Hipparchus, established Homeric poetry at festivals

Agonistic Society (Archaic)

competition based, external recognition

Symposium

place to have intelligent discussions

Greece

hilly terrain, center of Mediterranean, lots of expansion

Mycenae

Citadel in Greece, independent kingdoms, Lion Gate and Tholos tombs

Conquest of Crete

Mycenaeans

Mycenaean societal structure

feudal/military society

End of Mycenaeans

possible invasion, possible natural disaster, possible system collapse

Greek literature is __

oral, performance based

Problems with the Iliad/Odyssey

repetitive language, entire lines used to express replies, lots of stock scenes

Oral Theory

Homeric poems survived by being passed down orally through oral recomposition

Oral poets

do not memorize poems, do not read, learn "formulas"

Excavation of Troy

lots of jewels/ceramics, Mask of Agamemnon, tombs at Mycenae

First Trojan writing

found in a Hittite script, mentions Achaeans

Chariots

function in Mycenaean society, used for elitism and warfare

Where did Greek language originate?

Indo European

Where did Minoans live?

Crete

Greek alphabet

related to Phoenician alphabet, used for commercial reasons

Key points of the Iliad

Agamemnon vs Achilles, embassy to Achilles, death of Patroclus by Hector, Achilles and Priam and Hector's funeral

Shame culture

seek to avoid shame, how are you seen by others, public esteem

Guilt culture

seek to avoid guilt, how do you feel about yourself, community is more important than the individual

Achilles

abides by heroic code, excessive qualities, forgets human limits

Gods' influence over human destiny

Gods cannot control fate

Solon to Croesus (Herodotus) in 594

unfortunate people get only evicted, fortunate people get a mix of good and evil

Gods in history

anthropomorphic, immortal, great powers

What did the gods not do?

create the universe, create humans, control destiny

Rules of god/human society

respect the dead, family, oaths, strangers

Xenia

hospitality

Greek religion

no sacred texts, no sense of sin, no inner faith, ritualistic

Sacrifices

gifts to gods to keep them happy (libations, food, animals)

Delphi

oracle of Apollo, religious center,

Basics of the Archaic period

rise of the polis, hoplites, colonization, tyranny

Synoecism

political unification around a city

Panhellenic games

Olympics, in honor of gods (esp. Zeus), truce over Greece

Greek cult of physical beauty

chasing physical beauty/perfection, art, stress on physical education

Archilochus

680 BC, died in battle, poems had violent and politics, shield excerpt

Who did Sparta conquer and why?

Laconia, Messenia, needed land

Spartiates

full citizens, small group with all the rights

Perioikoi

live in surrounding areas, free but second class, not full rights

Helots

conquered subjects/slaves, used as serfs, considered enemies because of the revolts

Lycurgus

Spartan, legendary lawgiver

Agoge

Spartan military education, state eugenics, military service for many years

Spartan women

pretty free b/c men at war, trained in some physical ed

Spartan government

kings, council of elders, ephors, assembly

Athenian government

oligarchy instead of kings, archons, aristocratic council

Three reformers

Draco: law code

Solon: archon, abolition of debt slavery, laws, new social classes, political roles based on property

Cleisthenes: democracy, broke up tribes

First Persian war

Ionian revolt, Darius against Greece, Battle of Marathon (Athens wins)

Second Persian war

Xerxes invades Greece, battle of Thermopylae, Battle of Salamis (Greeks win)

Where did the Persians live?

Ancient Mesopatamia

Persian leaders in order

Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius

Greeks vs Persians

hoplites vs archers, order vs disorder, rationalism vs emotionalism

Xerxes' failure

accused of yoking the Hellespont when trying to invade Greece

Aeschylus' Persians

Xerxes tries to invade Greece and fails, his mom feels a sense of foreboding, Darius' ghost reprimands Xerxes' hubris

Types of Greek drama

tragedy, comedy, satire

Origin of tragedy

Athens, evidence form Aristotle (Thespis), Aeschylus (adds actors, reduces chorus), Sophocles

Greek drama institution

City of Dionysia, tragic competitions,

Greek theater structure

orchestra, skene, chorus, entrances and exits

Interpretation of tragedy

should invoke pity/fear, focuses on irreconcilable concepts

Dionysus

god of wine, emotional freedom, theater

Dionysus' symbols

grape vine, leopard skin, cup, bulls, panthers, lions

Dionysus' double birth

Hera indirectly kills Semele, Hermes saves the fetus, Zeus sews the fetus to his thigh

Dionysus' followers

satyrs and maenads