HEALTH SCIENCE HONORS UNIT 3 PART 1

Renal Capsule

Tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney.

Renal Hilum

Indention where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney.

Renal Pelvis

Funnel-shaped structure that receives urine from the collecting duct for passage into the ureter.

Renal Cortex

Outer portion of the kidney.

Renal Medulla

Innermost part of the kidney.

Bowman’s Capsule

Double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus.

Glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries where filtration takes place.

Proximal convoluted tubule

Part of nephron where glucose, sodium, chloride and water are reabsorbed.

Loop of Henle

Portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Portion of nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule.

Collecting Tubule

Part of a nephron that collects the urine from the distal convoluted tubule and discharges it into the pelvis of the kidney.

Filtration

1st step in urine formation where blood enters glomerulus and high pressure forces substances through capillary walls.

Reabsorption

Water and useful substances are reabsorbed in the nephron.

Secretion

Transports substances such as creatinine, potassium, and hydrogen into the collecting tubule.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by a bacterial infection.

Enuresis

Involuntary urination, commonly occurring at night (bedwetting).

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, potentially leading to blood in the urine.

Incontinence

Inability to control urination or defecation.

Renal Calculi

Commonly known as kidney stones, hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys.

Renal Failure

Condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to filter waste and balance fluids.

Dialysis

Medical procedure that artificially removes waste and excess fluid from the blood.

Urinalysis

Examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, and acidity level.

Gingiva

Gums that support and protect the teeth.

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth, a total of 20.

Permanent teeth

Adult teeth, a total of 32.

Mastication

Chewing aiding in mechanical digestion.

Salivary glands

Three main pairs: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular.

Duodenum

First segment of the small intestine, approximately 12 inches long.

Jejunum

Middle section of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet long.

Ileum

Final portion of the small intestine, approximately 10-12 feet long.

Cecum

Lower right portion of the large intestine.

Appendix

Finger-like projection off the cecum.

Rectum

Last portion of the large intestine.

Anus

External opening for excretion.

Chyme

Semi-liquid food state when it reaches the large intestine.

Function of the Liver

Produces and stores glucose, detoxifies harmful substances, and manufactures bile.

Sodium absorption

Actively absorbed in the large intestine.

Potassium levels

Absorbed or secreted based on potassium levels in the body.

Vitamins produced

Vitamin K and B vitamins produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones.

Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Constipation

Infrequent bowel movements with hard, dry feces.

Cirrhosis

Chronic liver damage characterized by scarring.

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically due to infection.

GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, causing heartburn.

Hiatal Hernia

Condition where part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections.

IBS

Irritable Bowel Syndrome, a chronic disorder affecting the large intestine.

Peptic Ulcers

Open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach.

Orbital Cavity

Cone-shaped cavity formed by the skull that houses the eyeball.

Eyelids

Movable folds of skin that protect the eye.

Eyelashes

Prevent large particles from entering the eye.

Conjunctiva

Protective membrane lining inside the eyelids.

Lacrimal gland

Produces tears that cleanse and lubricate the eye.

Sclera

Tough outer layer of the eye, also known as the white of the eye.

Choroid

Vascular middle layer that nourishes the retina.

Retina

Innermost layer of the eye where light rays reflect to form an image.

Rods

Cells in the retina sensitive to dim light.

Cones

Cells in the retina sensitive to bright light and color.

Optic Disc

Blind spot on the retina where the optic nerve forms.

Cataracts

Clouding of the lens of the eyes, often occurring in older adults.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, causing redness and discharge.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Complication of diabetes affecting the eyes, leading to vision loss.

Glaucoma

Excessive intraocular pressure causing destruction of the retina.

Macular Degeneration

Leading cause of vision loss due to wear down of the macula.

Myopia

Nearsightedness.

Hyperopia

Farsightedness.

Presbyopia

Old sightedness.

Astigmatism

Blurred vision caused by an irregularly shaped cornea.

Pinna

The outer ear that collects sound waves.

Auditory canal

Canal lined with glands that secrete protective wax.

Tympanic membrane

Also known as the eardrum, separates the outer and middle ear.

Eustachian tube

Connects the middle ear to the pharynx and equalizes air pressure.

Ossicles

Three tiny bones in the middle ear: malleus, incus, and stapes.

Cochlea

Spiral shaped organ of hearing.

Cochlear duct

Filled with fluid that vibrates with sound waves.

Organ of Corti

Contains hair-like cells picking up vibrations for hearing.

Semicircular Canals

Three structures in the inner ear that help maintain balance.

External otitis

Infection of the ear canal skin, causing pain and discharge.

Otitis media

Middle ear infection causing earache.

Myringotomy

Surgical opening made in the tympanic membrane for chronic ear infection.

Otosclerosis

Hardening of the stapes leading to deafness.

Meniere’s disease

Condition affecting balance, causing vertigo.

Tinnitus

Sensation of hearing ringing or buzzing sounds.

Presbycusis

Deafness due to aging.

Conductive hearing loss

Sounds blocked to the inner ear by wax or fluid.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

Nasal Cavity

Region responsible for the sense of smell.

Cilia

Hair-like projections that trap dust in the nasal cavity.

Septum

Partition that divides the nose into right and left sides.

Olfactory bulb

Processes information about odors.

Deviated nasal septum

Condition causing blockage of airflow in the nose.

Nasal polyps

Growths in the nasal cavity often requiring surgical removal.

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nose lining causing symptoms such as congestion.

Papillae

Bumps on the tongue surface that contain taste buds.

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue.

Strawberry tongue

Swollen, red bumpy tongue, often linked to infections.

Thrush

Oral yeast infection causing white lesions.

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

Layers of skin containing sensory nerve structures.