HEALTH SCIENCE HONORS UNIT 3 PART 1

  • Renal Capsule: tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney

  • Renal Hilum: indention where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney

  • Renal Pelvis: funnel-shaped structure that receives urine from the collecting duct for passage into the ureter 

  • Renal Cortex: outer portion of the kidney 

  • Renal Medulla: innermost part of the kidney

  • Bowman’s Capsule: double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus

  • Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries where filtration takes place

  • Proximal convoluted tubule: part of nephron where glucose, sodium, chloride and water are reabsorbed

  • Loop of Henle: portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule

  • Distal Convoluted Tubule: portion of nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule

  • Collecting Tubule: part of a nephron that collects the urine from the distal convoluted tubule and discharges it into the pelvis of the kidney

  • Filtration: 1st step in urine formation. Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus and high pressure forces some things through the capillary walls. The capillary walls act like a filter

  • Reabsorption: Water and useful substances are reabsorbed. If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium), then those substances will not be reabsorbed

  • Secretion: Transports substances such as creatinine, potassium, hydrogen and some drugs into the collecting tubule

  • Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by a bacterial infection, leading to symptoms such as frequent and painful urination.

  • Enuresis: Involuntary urination, commonly occurring at night (bedwetting), often seen in children but may persist in adults due to underlying conditions.

  • Glomerulonephritis: A condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, potentially leading to blood in the urine, swelling, and impaired kidney function.

  • Incontinence: The inability to control urination or defecation, which may result from weakened muscles, nerve damage, or medical conditions.

  • Renal Calculi: Commonly known as kidney stones, these are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain and difficulty urinating.

  • Renal Failure: A condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to filter waste and balance fluids, potentially leading to severe health complications.

  • Dialysis: A medical procedure that artificially removes waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are no longer functioning effectively.

  • Average urinary output: 1500ml per day

  • Urinalysis: Examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity and physical characteristics 

  • Gingiva (gums)—support and protect the teeth

  • Deciduous teeth (baby teeth)-20

  • Permanent teeth—32 teeth

  • Mastication (chewing)—aids in mechanical digestion

  • 3 main pairs of salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

  • Duodenum: first segment, curves around pancreas, 12” long

  • Jejunum: middle section, 8 ft. long

  • Ileum: final portion, 10-12 feet long

  • CECUM – lower right portion of large intestine

  • APPENDIX is finger-like projection off cecum

  • RECTUM – last portion of large intestine

  • ANUS – external opening

  • CHYME – semi-liquid food (the state food is in when it reaches the large intestine)

  • Function of the Liver: Located below the diaphragm, upper right quadrant, Connected to gallbladder and small intestine by ducts, Produces and stores glucose in the form of GLYCOGEN, Detoxifies alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances, Manufacture blood proteins, Manufactures bile, Store Vitamins A, D and B complex

  • Sodium is actively absorbed: in the large intestine

  • Potassium is either absorbed or secreted based on: the levels of potassium in the body

  • Vitamin K and B vitamins, including biotin, are produced by: bacteria in the large intestine and then absorbed into the blood

  • Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder

  • Cholelithiasis: gallstones

  • Cholecystectomy: surgical removal of the gallbladder

  • Constipation: Infrequent bowel movements with hard, dry feces. Treated with diet high in fiber, increased fluids, and exercise

  • Cirrhosis: Chronic liver damage characterized by scarring and impaired liver function, often caused by alcohol abuse, hepatitis, or other liver diseases.

  • Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically due to infection, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and irritation of the esophageal lining.

  • Hiatal Hernia: A condition where part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, often causing symptoms like heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

  • Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections (e.g., hepatitis A, B, or C), toxins, or autoimmune disorders, leading to symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A chronic disorder affecting the large intestine, characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation.

  • Peptic Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, often caused by H. pylori infection or prolonged use of NSAIDs.

  • Orbital Cavity: cone-shaped cavity formed by the skull that houses and protects the eyeball

  • Eyelids: movable folds of skin that protect the eye

  • Eyelashes: prevent large particles from entering the eye

  • Conjunctiva: protective membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye)

  • Lacrimal gland: produce tears which cleanse and lubricate the eye

  • Sclera: Tough, outer layer; “white of the eye”; helps maintain shape of the eye

  • Extrinsic muscles that move the eye are attached to the sclera

  • Choroid: Vascular middle layer; nourishes outer layers of the retina through the blood vessels

  • Retina: Innermost layer of the eye; Light rays reflect here to form an image; contains rods and cones

  • Rods: sensitive to dim light

  • Cones: sensitive to bright light and color

  • Optic Disc: on retina, known as blind spot, nerve fibers form optic nerve here

  • Cataracts: Lens of eyes gradually becomes cloudy, Frequently occurs in people over 70, Causes a painful, gradual blurring and loss of vision, Pupil turns from black to milky white, Rx – surgical removal of the lens

  • Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of conjunctiva, Symptoms are redness, pain, swelling, and discharge, Highly contagious, Rx: antibiotic eye drops

  • DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: Complication of diabetes that affects the eyes, Caused by damage of the blood vessels of the retina, Symptoms include: Spots or (floaters); Blurred vision; Impaired color vision; Dark or empty areas in vision and Vision loss, Can result in blindness

  • GLAUCOMA: Excessive intraocular pressure causing destruction of the retina and atrophy of the optic nerve, Caused by overproduction of aqueous humor, lack of drainage, or aging, Symptoms develop gradually—mild aching, loss of peripheral vision, halos around light

  • Macular Degeneration: Leading cause of vision loss, An incurable eye disease, Happens when the small central portion of your retina, called the macula, wears down, Risk factors: Age (55 and over); Genetics—family history; Race—more common in Caucasians; and Smoking, Symptoms: partial loss of vision, abnormality where straight lines appear wavy, blurred vision, loss of central vision, Treatments range from medications, injections into the eye and laser surgery

  • Myopia - Nearsighted

  • Hyperopia - Farsighted 

  • Presbyopia - “Old Sighted-ness”

  • Astigmatism - Blurred vision

  • Pinna (auricle): the outer ear, collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal

  • Auditory canal: lined with glands that secrete a wax-like substance called cerumen that protects the ear. The canal leads to the tympanic membrane

  • Tympanic membrane (eardrum): separates the outer from the middle ear

  • Middle ear is a cavity in the temporal bone

  • Connects with the pharynx via the Eustachian tube

  • Eustachian tube equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the outside atmosphere

  • Contains three tiny bones called ossicles

  • Ossicles are: malleus (hammer); incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)

  • Ossicles transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear

  • Cochlea: spiral shaped organ of hearing that contains the cochlear duct

  • Cochlear duct: filled with fluid that vibrates when sound waves are transmitted by the stapes 

  • Organ of Corti: delicate, hair-like cells inside the cochlear duct, picks up vibrations of fluid and transmits them as a sensory impulse along the auditory nerve to the brain

  • Semicircular Canals – three structures in inner ear that contain liquid set in motion by head and body movements. These impulses are sent back to the cerebellum to maintain balance or equilibrium

  • External otitis: acute infection of the ear canal skin typically caused by bacteria. Sx: pain—especially with manipulation of the pinna; discharge and hearing loss if canal is swollen shut

  • Otitis media: middle ear infection. Causes earache. Frequent complication of common cold in children. Tx: Antibiotics. If chronic and have buildup of fluid or pus may require myringotomy.

  • Myringotomy: performed for chronic ear infections. Surgical opening made in tympanic membrane and tubes placed in ear to drain fluids

  • Otosclerosis: the stapes becomes hardened and immovable. Common cause of deafness in young adults. Tx: stapedectomy—total replacement of the stapes

  • Meniere’s disease: condition affects the semicircular canals causing vertigo (dizziness)

  • Tinnitus: the sensation of hearing ringing, buzzing, hissing, chirping, whistling, or other sounds. Common causes are: age-related hearing loss; prolonged exposure to loud noises; impacted cerumen; and otosclerosis

  • Presbycusis: Deafness due to the aging process Tx: hearing aids

  • Conductive hearing loss: sounds to the inner ear are blocked by ear wax, fluid in the middle ear, or abnormal bone growth

  • Sensorineural hearing loss: damage to inner ear or auditory nerve causes partial or complete deafness.     Tx: Cochlear implants

  • Nasal Cavity: the sense of smell comes from the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

  • Cilia: small, hair-like projections that trap larger dust particles entering the nose

  • Septum: partition that divides the nose into right and left sides

  • Olfactory bulb: structures located at the bottom of each cerebral hemisphere that process information about odors

  • The nose and it’s structures provide for our sense of smell

  • Also smell accounts for 90% of our sense of taste

  • Deviated nasal septum: condition where there is a bend in the cartilage of the septum.              

  • Symptoms: blockage of airflow in one nostril; difficulty sleeping; headaches; loud breathing; snoring and nose bleeds                                         Treatment: surgical correction

  • Nasal polyps: growths in the nasal cavity associated with rhinitis. Treatment: if severe, surgical removal

  • Rhinitis: inflammation of the lining of the nose causing nasal congestion; nasal drainage, sneezing or itching. Caused by allergies, infection, fumes, odors or drugs. Treatment: eliminating allergens or reducing exposure; antihistamines

  • PAPILLAE : Bumps on the surface of the tongue that contain the taste bud

  • Glossitis: inflammation of the tongue

  • Strawberry tongue: swollen, red bumpy tongue with enlarged taste buds. Causes include: Scarlet fever; allergies; Toxic shock syndrome; Vitamin B12 deficiency and Kawasaki disease

  • Thrush: an oral yeast infection that causes white lesions on tongue and inner cheeks. Common in babies, people with immune deficiency, and those who use steroid sprays for asthma.

  • The epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis: contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain