Human A&P - Exam 5 (Digestive System, Electrolyte/Acid Base)

large, insoluble lipids are absorbed in the digestive tract by ___________________ and delivered to the circulatory system via the _________________________ system.

lacteals, lymphatic

pH of gastric acid

approx. 2.0

tunics of digestive tract wall (inside/outside)

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

functions/characteristics of bile

produced by hepatocytes, stored in gallbladder, secreted via bile ducts into the duodenum of the small intestine

• contains no digestive enzymes, necessary for emulsification of lipid due to cholic acid in bile

  • breaks up micelles and facilities formation of chylomicrons taken up by lacteals of lymphatic system

• neutralize stomach acid, salts have antimicrobial activity (kills several types of non-enteric bacteria

properties/functions of digestive system

ingestion, masticaiton/maceration, propulsion, deglutition (swallowing), peristalsis, segmentation, secretion/lubrication

ingestion

introduction of food into the stomach

mastication/maceration

tearing, cutting, mashing, grinding of food into smaller particles

• making the bolus, “chewing” to increase surface area of food particles, increase surface area to make chemical digestion and absorption easier

teeth/tongue

accessory structures of the digestive system

food bolus

tongue mixes food with saliva, enzymes, water, and mucus

• mostly mechanical digestive, some chemical/enzymatic digestion

propulsion

stages of movement of bolus, chyme, feces through the digestive system

• deglutition - swallowing

enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides

pepsin, secreted as inactive pepsinogen, activated by HCl

functions of mucus

protects the stomach lining from acid and enzymes, lubricates food, protects digestive tract tissues

glands and cells the produce mucus

produced by goblet (intestine) cells, mucous (stomach) cells, mucous glands

types, numbers, arrangements, properties of musularis

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

cells of stomach that secrete gastic acid

chief cells; secrete pepsinogen - pepsin for breaking down denatured proteins

parietal cells; secrete gastric acid (HCl)

cells that secrete pepsinogen

chief cells

order of small intestine regions (stomach to large intestine)

duodenum, jejunum, illeum

duodenum

shortest, first region of the stomach, 25 cm

• liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are near/secrete lots of digestive enzymes, most from the pancreas into this region - complete digestion of partially digested contents of the stomach (chyme - milk/juice)

jejunum

jejune = empty/shallow/hollow

• 8 feet; lots of surface, brush border cells (enterocytes) that have lots of microvili, larger vili and circular folds lining the endothelium

• villi are made of enterocytes, blood capillaries/lacteals, primary site of nutrient absorption, highly peristalitic

illeum

intestine/gut (11.5 ft), largest region

• lined with lymphatic nodules (Peyer’s patches that contain protective WBC (T-helper cells) - 70% of our immune system

• Vitamin B-12 absorption occurs here as well as stages of nutrient absorb./water uptake

large intestine (colon/”colons”) + cecum

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

• rectum (straight region) + anal canal

• butt; opening of the anal canal to internal and external/sphincter muscles

process involved in introduction of food into stomach

ingestion

what begins in the mouth

mechanical/chemical digestion

function of amylases

breaks down starch/carbohydrates into smaller sugars (maltose/carbohydrates)

function of lipases

breaks down triglycerides (fats) into fatty acids and monoglycerides (or glycerol)

name of mass of chewed food mixed with saliva, mucus, water, and digestive enzymes

bolus

details, differences, and similarities between peristalsis and segmentation

peristalsis; propels food forward, wave-like contractions, occurs throughout GI tract, one direction, moves food/chyme

segmentation; mixes food back/forth, local contractions, small intestine, no net forward movement, mixes chyme with digestive juices and increases with intestine wall

name of a

dissolution (chemical/mechanical)

name of b

absorption (nutrients/water)

name of c

fermentation (by gut bacteria)

name of d

absorption (water)

name of e

excreation

type of transport facilitated diffusion is, where it occurs (examples of substances)

name of A

67% intracellular fluid (ICF)

name of B

33% extracellular fluid (ECF)

name of C

80% interstitial fluid

name of D

20% blood plasma

potassium

sodium

phosphate

chloride

primary regulators

kidneys are PR of water excretion with regard to fluid balance

metabolic water, how it’s generated

which is true

name of 33

baroreceptors in heart; in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect reduced blood pressure, signals the hypothalamic thirst center

name of 34

juxtaglomerular apparatuses in kidney; detect low blood pressure, activates the renin-angiotensin system to produce angiotensin II - stimulates the hypothalamic thirst center

name of 35

osomoreceptors in hypothalamus (increased osmolality); hypothalamus shrink when blood osmolality goes up, triggering action potentials that stimulates thirst

name of 36

increased thirst; combination inputs activates thirst and promotes water consumption

chemical mediator produced by heart

is a peptide hormone produced when there is an increase in BP in the right atrium, causing increased sodium excretion and increased water loss to bring BP back down

dominant intracellular ions

dominant extracellular ions

which are more concentrated intracellularly vs extracellularly and vice versa

difference between sensible vs insensible preparation

hypernatremia

elevated plasma Na+

• high dietary sodium intake, water loss

• thirst, fever, dry mucous membrane, restlessness

hyponatremia

decreased Na+

• inadequate dietary intake of sodium, lost in urine (dehydration, kidney dysfunction - renal failure, glomerulonephritis), dilution; drinking too much water

• hyperglycemia - high blood sugar levels

lethargy, confusion, seizures, reduced BP, tachycardia, decreased urine (reduced blood vol)

weight gain, edema, distention of veins (increased blood vol)

hyperkalemia

abnormally low levels of potassium in extracellular fluid

• loss of intracellular K due to cellular trauma or reduced permeability of plasma membrane, viruses, bacterial infection, reduced renal excretion

• mild; increased neuromuscular irritability, rapid cardiac repolarization, intestinal cramping/diarrhea

• severe; muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone/paralysis, reduced rate of cardiac action potential conduction

hypokalemia

abnormally low levels of potassium in extracellular fluid

• alkalosis - blood pH above 7.45, over excitation of CNS, decreased PNS output to effectors, insulin, increased loss in urine, reduced K intake

• decreased smooth muscle tone, delayed ventricular depolarization, bradycardia, atrioventricular blockage

hypercalcemia

hypocalcemia

large organic molecules

osmosis

decreased blood pressure detected by

kidneys result in release of an enzyme that is part of RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)

RAAS

converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, what is this enzyme called

divisions of the pharynx, which are shared between respiratory and digestive systems

primary regions of the digestive system

mouth, pharynx (oropharynx/laryngopharynx), esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, butt)

respiratory and digestive systems

types of salivary glands, where located, composition of the saliva secreted by each

lipoproteins

absorbed by lymphatic system in for of lipids, biles, and proteins

aggregates of lipid soluble substances called

name of 49

pyloric sphincter

name of 50

cardia

name of 51

fundus

name of 52

body

name of 53

pylorus

name of 54

esophagus

name of 55

stomach

name of 56

small intestine

name of 57

large intestine

name of a

name of b

name of c

a decreased in blood pH results in which of the following

pancreas

both an endocrine/exocrine gland, part of the digestive system as an accessory organ as well as an endocrine gland of the endocrine system