Cell Structures, Functions, and Tissues

Comprehensive flashcards covering cell organelles, metabolic processes, membrane transport, genetics, cell division, and tissue classifications based on Chapters 3 and 4 of the lecture notes.

Anabolism

A metabolic process that involves forming molecules and requires energy or charge.

Catabolism

A metabolic process that breaks down molecules and releases energy.

Nucleus

Control center of cell

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Contains the nucleus and regulate protein synthesis

23 pairs

How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal person have

Nucleoplasm

A gel-like, sticky fluid inside the cell nucleus that surrounds and supports the chromosomes and nucleolus.

Chromatin

Loosely coiled chromosomes consisting of DNA and proteins.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis, which can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A flattened, sac-like membrane with attached ribosomes that synthesizes large amounts of protein for export.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, detoxification, and the storage of $Ca^{2+}$ in skeletal muscle cells.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER into vesicles.

Secretory Vesicles

Vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and release their contents out of the cell through exocytosis.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down materials taken into the cell.

Peroxisome

A site for lipid and amino acid degradation where enzymes break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide into water and $O_2$.

Proteasome

Known as the recycling machine of protein in the cell, it breaks down proteins in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondria

The major site of aerobic respiration and ATP production, containing inner membrane folds called cristae and a matrix.

Centrioles

Centers for microtubule formation that determine cell polarity during division and serve as basal bodies for cilia and flagella.

Microvilli

Stationary extensions that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion, commonly found in the small intestine.

Alpha cells

Pancreatic cells that produce glucagon to increase sugar levels to a range of $70-110\,mg/dL$.

Beta cells

Pancreatic cells that produce insulin to decrease sugar levels to a range of $60-100\,mg/dL$.

Delta cells

Pancreatic cells that produce somatostatin, which inhibits glucagon.

Cell metabolism

Chemical reaction occur within the cell, energy use.

1. Amino acids

2. Proteins

3. Nucleic acids

4. Lipids

Molecules that are synthesized in a cell

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

An inborn type of diabetes that has no cure

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes types that is curable and results depends on a persons lifestyle

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

A type of electron microscope used to produce a detailed surface view of an object.

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

A type of electron microscope used to see through or inside cell structures.

Glycocalyx

The sugar-rich outer layer of the plasma membrane composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Glycolipids

Lipids + sugar

Glycoprotein

Protein + sugar

Phospholipid bilayer

Double layer of phospholipids

Cholesterol

Major Lipid

Marker molecule

Cell surface molecules

Attachment proteins

Helps other cells to attach to another

Integral protein

Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

Transport protein

Moves substances across the cell membrane

1. Specific

2. Saturation

3. Competition

3 characteristics of transport protein

1. Leak channel

2. Gated channel

2 membrane channels that allows passive movements

Leak channel

Channel that allows ions to constantly pass through

Gated channel

Limits ions movement in passing through the membrane

Uniport

A carrier protein that transports one substance across the plasma membrane.

Symport

A carrier protein that transports two substances in the same direction.

Antiport

A carrier protein that transports two substances in opposite directions.

Depolarization

A phase in membrane potential where $Na^+$ goes in and the charge inside becomes positive ($+$).

Repolarization

The resting phase of membrane potential where $K^+$ goes out and the charge inside becomes negative ($-$).

Diffusion

The passive movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses membrane proteins that moves substances down to their concentration gradient

Secondary Active Transport

A transport mechanism that uses energy stored in an ion concentration gradient, including cotransport and countertransport.

Exocytosis

Movement of materials out of the cell

Endocytosis

Movement of materials into the cell

Genes

Functional units of heredity

Gene expression

Process by which information in genes is used to produce functional products

Transcription

The process occurring in the nucleus where DNA is used to produce mRNA.

Translation

The process occurring at ribosomes in the cytoplasm where mRNA is used to produce protein.

mRNA

Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

tRNA

specialized molecules that carry amino acids to the rinosome

Codon

A group of 3 nucleotides that specifies an amino acid or signals the start or end of protein synthesis.

Mitosis

Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes.

Meiosis

Special type of cell division that makes sperm and egg cells

S phase

At which phase is when DNA is replicated before cell division?

Prophase

Chromosomes becomes tightly coiled and visible and each chromosomes consists of 2 chromatids joined in the centromere

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the center

Anaphase

Chromatids separates and moves towards the opposite pole

Telophase

2 new nuclei is formed

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that begins in anaphase and concludes in telophase, signaled by a cleavage furrow.

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

4 types of tissues

Epithelial

Covering and lining tissue

connective

Tissue that makes up every part of every organ

Muscle

Contracts or extends and provides movement

Nervous

Tissue of coordination and control

Exocrine Glands

Glands that produce secretions such as saliva and sweat which enter into ducts.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that produce hormones transported by blood throughout the body.

Simple

1 layer of cell layer

Stratified

2 layer of cell layer

Pseudostratified

A classification of epithelial tissue that consists of one layer but looks like multiple layers.

Squamous

Flat scale like cell shape

Cuboidal

Cube like cell shape

Columnar

Column like

Desmosomes

Cell connections that hold cells together by attaching cell-to-cell.

Hemidesmosomes

Cell connections that attach cells to the extracellular matrix.

Tight Junctions

Cell connections that prevent the passage of substances between cells.

Gap Junctions

Small channels that allow communication and the passage of small particles between adjacent cells.

Simple gland

gland that has 1 duct

Compound duct

Gland that has multiple duct

Merocrine

A type of exocrine secretion where the product is released and the cell remains intact.

Apocrine

A type of exocrine secretion where a part of the cell is lost during secretion.

Holocrine

A type of exocrine secretion where the whole cell is lost during secretion.

Fibroblast

A connective tissue cell that forms fibrous tissue and produces components of the extracellular matrix.

Osteoclast

A specialized bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.

Macrophages

Large, mobile connective tissue cells capable of ingesting foreign substances.

Mast cells

Non-motile cells

Histamine

Promotes inflammation in the body

Collagen Fibers

Microscopic rope-like protein fibers that provide strength and resist stretching.

Elastic Fibers

Protein fibers that have the ability to stretch and return to their original shape.

Reticular Fiber

Thin, branching fibers that form networks that supports structure

1. Areolar

2. adipose

3. Reticular

3 types of connective tissue

Collagenous

A dense connective tissue that cant be stretched

Elastic

A dense connective tissue that cant be stretch