the death of my sleep schedule

new monarch

establishes the principle that the hereditary monarch is the sole source of public authority

who had the most power prior to the age of new monarchs?

church and nobles

theme for new monarchs

Consolidated, centralized power wins; small, disorganized states lose

difference between new and absolute monarch

there wasn't any structural element that distinguished new/absolute monarch; the only thing would be the degree of power

Court of the Star Chamber (1487)

Royal Court of appeals made by Henry VII of England; it gave him the authority to overrule nobles' decisions in common courts at a national level

checks on royalty in England

Parliament & Common Law

2. Common Law

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings, not innumerated powers; put bounds on king's power

Roman Laws in France

codification of legal traditions in France, similar to Common Law

Queen Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)

known as "Bloody Mary" because she slaughtered Protestants, marries Phillip II of Spain to create an alliance

• marries Phillip II of Spain to create an alliance

Queen Elizabeth (r. 1558-1603)

Anne Boleyn's daughter
- last Tudor, known as the Virgin Queen
- rejects Phillip II's request to marry her
- Elizabethan Religious Settlement —> Act of Supremacy & Uniformity

• last Tudor known as the Virgin Queen or Queen Bess

• Anglican and politique

• rejects Phillip II's request to marry her, as she believes marriage would weaken her

• Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Elizabethan Religious Settlement

1. Act of Supremacy (1559) - declares Elizabeth I the Supreme Governor of the English church; it was revoked by Mary previously
2. Act of Uniformity - requires church attendance and fines those who do not comply; Book of Common Prayer
3. Thirty Nine Articles - basic teachings of Anglican Church

2. Act of Uniformity - requires church attendance and fines those who do not comply; Book of Common Prayer

3. Thirty Nine Articles - basic teachings of Anglican Church

Book of Common Prayer

established as part of the Act of Uniformity, it outlined the official way of prayer

Characteristic of the 39 articles (politique example)

use of vague language to garner support from moderate Catholics

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England
- devout Catholic
- She and John Knox both try to obtain power in Scotland, but the Protestants kick her out
- Goes to England; Northern Uprising
- She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded

• devout Catholic

• She and John Knox both try to obtain power in Scotland, but the Protestants kick her out

• Goes to England; Northern Uprising

• She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded

Northern Uprising (1569)

Under Mary Queen of Scots, the Catholics rebelled against the Protestants; Elizabeth called up troops and put down the rebellion, imprisoning and eventually beheading Mary after she conspired with Philip II

Philip II sends the Spanish Armada (1588)

• Phillip II sends the Spanish army to restore Catholicism to England

• formation was broken by English, resulting in the rise of English power and the decline in Spain's power

Creation of Spain

Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille) marry in 1469, creating Spain

Under Ferdinand and Isabella's rule, how was Spanish identity defined?

Catholic faith

1492 - 3 events

1. Columbus sails the ocean blue
2. Expulsion of Jews, who didn't align with Spanish Identity and Catholicism
3. Expulsion of Moors (Reconquista), muslims who had conquered Spain

2. Expulsion of Jews, who didn't align with Spanish Identity and Catholicism

3. Expulsion of Moors (Reconquista), muslims who had conquered Spain

Inquistion

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Spanish Inquisition

- Torquemada = Grand Inquisitor
- tried Jews and Moors primarily, find conversos

• tried Jews and Moors primarily

Phillip II (r. 1556-1598)

new monarch and successor to Charles V, ruling Spain and the Netherlands
- married Mary Tudor
- moved capital to Madrid
- set up Inquisition
- defender of Christendom
- involved in the Dutch Revolt

• married Mary Tudor

• moved capital to Madrid

• set up Inquisition

• exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests; defender of Christendom

• involved in the Dutch Revolt

El Escorial

• palace built by Philip II which served as royal court and monastery dedicated to St. Lawrence (grilled to death)

• form of militant Catholicism

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

naval battle where Phillip teams up. the Pope and Venetians to push back the Turks from expanding in the Mediterranean, which would threaten Spanish interests and Christian Europe

Difference between Charles V and Phillip II's rule in the Netherlands

Charles V spoke Dutch and grew up in the Netherlands, so he understood the needs of the Dutch; in comparison, Phillip II was raised Spanish and all of his officials were Castilian, leading to gradual Dutch underrepresentation and Dutch resentment

The Dutch Revolt

- A revolt by the Netherlands against the Spanish in order to create their independent state
- in 1567, PII sends in the Duke of Alba and 10k troops to put down the rebellion, but this only results in further Dutch unification

• in 1567, PII sends in the Duke of Alba and 10k troops to put down the rebellion, but this only results in further Dutch unification

Three Dutch motives of the Dutch Revolt

1. Nationalistic - proud Republican tradition and prioritization of autonomy (PII wanted to exercise absolute power)
2. Economic - Dutch were economically prosperous, and PII taxed them heavily as a result
3. Religious - Calvinism/Catholic split with local tolerance (PII wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism)

2. Economic - Dutch were economically prosperous, and PII taxed them heavily as a result

3. Religious - Calvinism/Catholic split with local tolerance (PII wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism)

Council of Blood

Created by the Duke of Alba, the council sentenced anyone suspected of aiding the rebellion to death

Dutch United Provinces Independence from Spain (1579)

Northern, Calvinist Provinces declare independence from Spain, but the South, Catholic region stays loyal to PII

Peace of Westphalia (1648) significance for the Dutch Revolt

Spain recognizes Dutch independence

William of Orange (1533-1584)

led the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that resulted in the 80 Years War and Northern Dutch's eventual independence; catholic but extremely Calvinist tolerant; Stadholder = military leader

80 Years War

It began as a revolt of the 17 Dutch providences against Philip II of Spain. William of Orange helped win the war, also called the Dutch War of Independence.

Dutch Golden Age (list inventions of age)

- 17th century period of economic prosperity for the Dutch
- creation of Dutch East India Co in 1602, with 50k employees, 10k troops in a private army, and merchant ships
- joint stock company
- insurance
- stock market
- advertisement

• creation of Dutch East India Co in 1602, with 50k employees, 10k troops in a private army, and merchant ships

• joint stock company

• insurance

• stock market

• advertisement

joint stock company

an enterprise where multiple investors pooled resources to fund large, risky ventures like overseas trade, most notably the Dutch East India Company (VOC); ordinary people looked towards private investment companies rather than the monarch for funding

liquidity

the ease with which you convert something to an asset, which is often cash

Divine Right Theory of Kings

originated from Bishop Bossuet, in which power comes from God, is absolute, and it is paternal

Paving the way for absolutism in France

1. DRToK
2. Cardinal Richelieu
3. Cardinal Mazarin

2. Cardinal Richelieu

3. Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642)

- politique mindset used in the thirty years war; sided with the Protestants to put down the Catholic Habsburgs
- relied on the intendents, the government's competent, loyal reps throughout the kingdom
- had the intendents collect taxes for the crown

• relied on the intendents, the government's competent, loyal reps throughout the kingdom

• had the intendents collect taxes for the crown

Cardinal Mazarin

- followed Richelieu, served as the regent for Louis XIV
- takes advantage of his position to amass wealth from tax collection
- nobles rebel against his corruption, resulting in The Fronde

• takes advantage of his position to amass wealth from tax collection

• nobles rebel against his corruption, resulting in The Fronde

The Fronde

- a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue (for his own corrupt gain) and expand state bureaucracy
- Nobles try to kill Louis XIV but fail
- causes Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism, advancing political power of the king

• Nobles try to kill Louis XIV but fail

• causes Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism, advancing political power of the king

What kinds of positions did Nobles occupy in France after The Fronde?

they occupied irrelevant positions at Versailles; LXIV wanted to keep them close but strip them of any political power

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

- Bourbon king who takes official charge at 14
- known as "le roi soleil" or the "sun king," the giver of life
- l'état c'est moi" = I am the state
- he builds Versailles and uses it as a tool to enhance his absolute power

• known as "le roi soleil" or the "sun king," the giver of life

• l'état c'est moi" = I am the state

• he builds Versailles and uses it as a tool to enhance his absolute power

3 examples of how absolute LXIV was

1. Jean Baptiste Colbert's implementation of mercantilism demonstrated a more state-controlled approach to an economic system
2. Revoking of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
3. Construction of Versailles

2. Revoking of the Edict of Nantes (1685)

3. Construction of Versailles

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and creating a favorable balance of trade

"un roi, une loi, une foi"

translates to "one king, one law, one faith"; used to justify the revoking of the edict of nantes

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

- The war that resulted from the heirless death of Charles II
- Louix XIV wanted his grandson, Phillip to be king
- to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns (Philip of Anjou was handpicked to be heir), the Grand Alliance declared war on France to stop a possible universal monarchy
- example of the balance of powerful

• Louix XIV wanted his grandson, Phillip to be king

• to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns (Philip of Anjou was handpicked to be heir), the Grand Alliance declared war on France to stop a possible universal monarchy

• example of the balance of powerful

Grand Alliance

alliance between England, Netherlands, Austrian Habsburgs, Denmark, Sweden, and Portugal to prevent Franch and Spain from unifying

balance of power

whenever one country gets too powerful, other countries will come together to create a counter-balance

peace of Utrecht (1713)

- England gains Gibraltar
- Philip Anjou becomes Philip V, the Bourbon King of Spain; however, he's forced to cede territory and cannot inherit France

• Philip Anjou becomes Philip V, the Bourbon King of Spain; however, he's forced to cede territory and cannot inherit France

James I (r. 1603-1625)

- Stuart monarch who succeeded Elizabeth
- Ruled Sctoland as James VI
- established the King James Version of the Bible
- tried to solidfy absolute power during his reign, but struggled

• Ruled Sctoland as James VI

• established the King James Version of the Bible

• tried to solidfy absolute power during his reign, but struggled