IB Sports Exercise and Health Science Exam

be familiar with the principal structures of the ventilatory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

pharynx

contain the tonsils; normal function is to fight infection

larynx

voice box

epiglottis

flexible cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea and automatically closes the opening to the trachea when swallowing

trachea

windpipe

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

lungs

right side has 3 lobes; left side has 2 lobes

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

functions of conducting airways

low resistance pathway for airflow, defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled, warming and moistening the air

pulmonary ventilation (PV)

inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (breathing)

total lung capacity (TLC)

the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation

vital capacity (VC)

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

tidal volume (TV)

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal breathing conditions

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

residual volume (RV)

volume of air contained in the lungs after maximal exhalation

inspiratory capacity

TV + IRV

expiratory capacity

TV + ERV

explain the nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise

increase in carbon dioxide increases the blood acidity levels

be familiar with the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation

hemoglobin carries oxygen around the body as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells

diffusion

gas will move from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

ventricles

lower chambers of the heart

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery

atrium

upper chambers of the heart

right atrium

receives blood from the body via the superior/inferior vena cava

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

bicuspid valve

between left atrium and left ventricle

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

aortic valve

between left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

superior/inferior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

thrombocytes

platelets

plasma

liquid portion of blood

red blood cell function

carries oxygen and iron throughout the body

white blood cells function

fight infection

platelets

blood clotting

aorta

large artery that takes blood from heart to the body

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

pulmonary circuit

heart to lungs to heart

systemic circuit

heart to body to heart

sinoatrial node (SA node)

pacemaker of the heart

extrinsic regulation of the heart

autonomic nervous system- sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic

fight or flight

parasympathetic

rest and digest

heart rate

number of beats per minute

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in each contraction

cardiovascular drift

slow but constant increase in heart rate during prolonged activity (ex: increase of body temperature)

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

systolic

blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles

diastolic

blood pressure in the arteries during relaxion of the ventricles

VO2 max

the maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in and use during exercise

VO2 max equation

Q(CaO2 - CvO2)

skill

learned ability

motor skills

more movement than thinking (running)

cognitive skill

a skill that requires problem solving or the application of strategies (chess)

perceptual skill

reading the environment (putt in golf)

perceptual-motor skill

adapting to environment and interpret it (football)

continuum

a line where skills can be placed and classified

discrete skills

skills that have a distinctive beginning and end that can be identified (golf swing)

serial skills

collective sequences of multiple discrete skills (triple jump)

continuous skills

movement skills that appear to have no recognizable beginning or inherent beginning and end (cycling)

open skills

environment is variable and unpredictable (jumping for a rebound in basketball)

closed skill

environment is stable and predictable (archery)

gross motor skills

large body movements (running)

fine motor skills

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination (playing piano)

interactive continuum

relating to other people

individual skills

performed in isolation (archery)

coactive skills

skills that are performed with someone else but with no direct confrontation (swimming)

interactive skills

performers directly involved, can involve confrontation (basketball)

ability

traits we are born with

perceptual motor abilities

process information about how and when to move (forehand groundstroke in tennis)

motor abilities

relating to the actual movement (explosive)

physical proficiency abilities

consist of gross movements

technique

the way an action is performed

skilled performer

effortless, fluent, and efficient

novice performer

lack coordination, inconsistent, waste energy

efferent organization

organizing a reaction starting from the brain and extends outward

exteroceptors

provide information about the external environment

interoceptors

provide information about internal environment

signal detection theory

the probability of detecting any given signal depends on the intensity of the signal compared to the intensity of the background noise

perception

the process by which the brain makes sense of the stimuli received

selective attention

the individual focusing on relevant information while ignoring the irrelevant information

action words

describe doing something

brevity

shortness

clarity

clearness

organization

arranged in an orderly way

association

a group of people who have gathered based on similar goals or beliefs

practice

process of going or improving proficiency

response time

reaction time + movement time

reaction time

the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

movement time

the time it takes to carry out the motor aspects of the performance.

response time factors

age, fitness, training, number of decisions