Corrections (CJ 2430) Exam 1 Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering core topics for CJ 2430 Exam 1 Review, including punishment philosophies, sentencing frameworks, probation, and intermediate sanctions.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical justification for punishment focused on preventing future crime through deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.

Retribution

A philosophical justification for punishment based on the central feature that offenders deserve punishment proportional to their crime and moral culpability.

Classical School

A perspective on crime asserting that individuals exercise free will and rational choice, requiring swift, certain, and proportionate punishment to deter criminal behavior.

Positivism

A school of thought holding that criminal behavior is caused by biological, psychological, or social factors beyond individual control, emphasizing rehabilitation and treatment.

Burden of Proof

The legal obligation of a designated party in court to produce evidence and establish the truth of a claim or criminal charge.

Standard of Proof

The level or threshold of legal evidence required to satisfy the court regarding a factual claim, varying by context and type of judicial proceeding.

Indeterminate Sentencing

A sentencing model featuring flexible time ranges (such as 5 to 10 years), allowing parole boards to determine release based on offender rehabilitation.

Determinate Sentencing

A sentencing framework that imposes a fixed period of incarceration, restricting judicial discretion and eliminating discretionary parole release.

Structured Sentencing

A system using standardized guidelines and sentencing commissions to determine penalties based on offense severity and criminal history.

Aggravating Factors

Specific elements or circumstances of an offense that increase its severity or harm, justifying a more severe sentence.

Mitigating Factors

Circumstances regarding an offense or offender that reduce moral culpability, supporting a less severe or alternative sentence.

Diversion Programs

Community correctional initiatives designed to redirect eligible offenders away from formal court processing into treatment or community service.

Probation

A court-ordered community sanction permitting a convicted offender to remain in society under officer supervision and defined conditions instead of serving prison time.

Conditions of Supervision

The set of mandated rules, limits, and behavior guidelines assigned to an offender under probation or community corrections.

Intermediate Sanctions

A spectrum of community-based correctional penalties falling between standard probation and traditional incarceration to provide tailored levels of control.

Intensive Supervision Probation

A highly structured intermediate sanction featuring frequent contact between officers and offenders, stringent rules, and close oversight.

Day Reporting Centers

Community facilities where offenders are required to check in daily to participate in supervision, counseling, drug testing, or skill training while living at home.

Boot Camps

Short-term residential intermediate sanctions modeled after military basic training that emphasize rigorous physical discipline, strict routine, and drill.

Day Reporting centers

Clients report to a central location everyday, where they file daily schedules with supervising officer, showing how each hour will be spent and participate in various programs such as counseling, drug testing, or job training, while remaining under community supervision. rugD

Drug courts

Sanctions designed for nonviolent offenders with substance abuse problems

Forfeiture

Sanctions that involve the government seizing property that was from or used in criminal action

Restitution

Used alone or in conjunction with probation and requires completion of a payment or completion of hours of work in and for the community.

Community service orders

Court imposed sanctions that order an offender to spend so many hours on a work project in the community

House arrest and electronic monitoring

Offender sees probation officer 3-5 times a week. Probation officer also makes unscheduled visits to offenses home or workspace

Shock Probation and split sentencing

Sanctions that permit judges to grant offenders community release only after they have experienced incarceration.

Residential centers

Sanctions for selected inmates as a supplement to probation, for those completing prison programs, or for some probation or parole violations

Boot camps

Rigorus military style regimen for younger offenders. Designed to accelerate punishment while instilling discipline, often with an educational component.

What is a prosecutors primary duty?

To enforce criminal law

Who are the key court actors?

Prosecutors, Judges, defense attorney, defendant, hW

Legal Process following arrest

Booking, Initial appearance, Detention, First appearance, Probable cause hearing, Indictment plea, Trial and sentencing

Responsibilities of law enforcement

Investigate crimes, make arrests, collect evidence and maintain public safety.

Responsibilities of Courts

Determine whether a person accused of a crime is legally responsible

Responsibilities of corrections

Carries out sentences and supervises people who have been convicted