Business Management Definitions

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223 Terms

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360-degree feedback

A process in which an employee receives feedback from all of the people with whom they come into contact.

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360-degree marketing

A marketing campaign that reaches customers at all possible points of contact.

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Above the line promotion (ATL)

Promotion aimed at mass audiences, generally not targeted.

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Absorption costing

A cost accounting method that allocates indirect costs among products, departments or regions based on predetermined criteria.

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Accountability

Being responsible for one's own and others' actions and results.

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Accountant

A person who maintains, inspects and analyzes financial accounts.

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Accounting

The process of recording money flows and assets of a business.

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Acid test (quick) ratio

A liquidity ratio that measures the value of current assets without stock included, relative to current liabilities.

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Acquired needs theory

A theory claiming that human beings have three dominant needs that drive motivation.

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Acquisition

A form of external growth where one company purchases another company.

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Adaptation

Changes in the marketing mix to better meet the needs of consumers in different markets.

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Adverse variance

A situation where actual income and expenditure figures are worse for the business than expected.

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After-sales service

The maintenance, help, and information a business provides to the customer after they purchase a product.

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Agent

A person who acts on behalf of another person or group.

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Agility

The ability to move quickly in reaction to changing conditions.

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Algorithm

A set of instructions to solve a problem or to complete a task or computation.

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Antitrust laws

Laws that limit the market power of individual companies, encouraging competition.

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Appraisal

An assessment of an employee's performance; can take many forms.

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Arbitration

A method of conflict resolution where management and employees present arguments to a third party.

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Artificial intelligence

The ability of a computer or robot to carry out tasks previously done by humans.

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Copyright

Legal protection granting exclusive rights to reproduce work for a specific period.

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

Businesses actively seek ways to improve society and the environment through core business activities and business designs.

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Cost

All expenses required to produce a good or service.

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Cost centre

Department in a business incurring costs but no revenue.

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Cost focus strategy

Business becoming low-cost producer in a niche market.

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Cost leadership strategy

Business becoming low-cost producer in the industry.

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Cost of sales

Cost of goods actually sold over a period.

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Cost-plus (markup) pricing

Pricing reflecting markup on production costs.

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Cost to buy (CTB)

Total cost if production is subcontracted to a supplier.

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Cost to make (CTM)

Total cost if manufacturing is kept in-house.

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Cradle-to-cradle design and manufacturing

Design aiming to eliminate waste and mimic nature.

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Creativity

Generating new ideas and considering existing ones from new perspectives.

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Creditor days

Average days for a business to pay debts.

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Crisis management

Steps to limit damage from an unpredicted event.

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Critical path

Minimum time needed for project completion.

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Critical path analysis (CPA)

Tool showing minimum project completion time.

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Crowdfunding

Finance form where many invest small amounts in a business.

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Cultural clash

Conflict when multiple cultures compete for dominance.

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Current assets

Cash and assets convertible to cash in less than a year.

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Current liabilities

Debts and payables due within a year.

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Current ratio

Ratio measuring current assets relative to liabilities.

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Customer loyalty programmes

Strategy rewarding repeat customers.

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Cybercrime

Criminal activity using computers and digital tech.

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Cybersecurity

Technologies blocking access to tech systems by criminals.

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Cyclical variations

Data variations due to cyclical economic changes.

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Extension strategy

Selling overseas without establishing production units in another country; the simplest form of international expansion.

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External diseconomies of scale

The increased unit cost of production for a business due to the expansion of the industry in which the business operates.

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External economies of scale

Cost-saving benefits of large businesses in their region or industry that are not under the control of the business.

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External growth

Expansion of a business by relying on external resources, typically with another organisation.

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External recruitment

When a business fills a job vacancy by recruiting an employee from outside the organisation, usually because the company needs certain skills that it lacks in its current employees.

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External sources of finance

Money for a business that is raised from outside the business, such a bank loan.

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External stakeholder

An individual or group that affects, or is affected by, an organisation, but who is not directly involved inside the organisation.

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Extrapolation

A forecasting method used by businesses to identify trends using past data and extending this information and trend to predict future data.

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Extrinsic motivation

Where a person engages in an activity because of a reward outside the activity itself, such as being paid.

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Favourable variance

A situation whereby actual income and expenditure figures are better for the business than expected.

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Internal economies of scale

Cost reductions experienced by a business when it expands its output.

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Internal growth

Expansion of a business with its own resources.

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Internal recruitment

Filling a job vacancy from within the business by promoting and retraining an existing employee.

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Internal source of finance

Money raised from the business’s or owner's existing assets.

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Internal stakeholder

Individual or group directly involved inside an organization.

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International marketing

Selling goods and services in more than one country.

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Internet of things (IoT)

Connections of physical objects using software to communicate and exchange data.

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Intrapreneur

Person developing new ideas for a business they work for.

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Intrinsic motivation

Engaging in an activity for the reward or pleasure in the activity itself.

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Introduction stage

First stage of the product life cycle when the product is launched.

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Intuitive thinking/management

Fast reasoning by experienced managers combining emotional intelligence and past learning.

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Inventory

Raw materials used in production and goods available for sale.

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Investment

Spending on non-current assets.

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Investment appraisal

Evaluation of an investment decision.

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Iteration

Process of creating a new version of something.

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Jargon

Terminology used in specific professions or industries.

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Job enlargement

Adding more tasks to an employee’s job description.

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Job enrichment

Giving challenging tasks to make work more interesting for an employee.

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Job production

Producing unique items tailored to individual customer needs.

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Job rotation

Rotating employees into different positions to gain experience.

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Joint venture

Two businesses creating and operating a third organization.

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Just-in-case (JIC)

Holding buffer stocks to continue operations during unforeseen events.

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Just-in-time (JIT)

Ordering and delivering inputs immediately to minimize stock.

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Labour intensive

Production process using more human labor relative to physical capital.

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Labour mobility

Workers' ability to move to new locations or change careers.

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Labour productivity

Output per worker over a defined period.

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Labour turnover

Percentage of workers leaving the business in a period.

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Laissez-faire leadership

Leadership style allowing group members to make decisions.

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Leadership

Strategic and creative thinking inspiring people to meet challenges and goals.

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Lead time

Time taken for a supplier to deliver from ordering.

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Lean production

Strategies to reduce waste in the production process.

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Leasing

Renting a fixed asset over a period instead of buying.

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Levels of hierarchy

Number of layers of authority within an organization.

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Liability

Being legally responsible for something.

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Limited liability

Owners not personally responsible for business debts if it fails.

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Linear production

Taking resources, making products, and disposing of them.

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Line of best fit

Line expressing the relationship between data points.

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Liquidity

Ability to convert current assets into cash.

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Liquidity ratios

Measure of a business’s ability to settle short-term debt obligations.

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Loan

Medium- or long-term source of finance used to buy fixed assets.

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Location

Geographic position of a business.

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Lock-out

Management blocking workers from entering the workplace.

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Long-term financing

Funds needed for expensive equipment and facilities.

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Long-term liabilities

Borrowing not due within a year.

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Loss leader

Product sold at a loss to attract customers.