Psychopathology Exam 3 Substance Related Disorders

The term substance use means?

Taking moderate amounts of a substance and Doesn’t interfere with functioning

The term substance intoxication means?

Physical reaction to a substance (e.g., being drunk, high)

The term substance abuse means?

Use that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment

The term substance dependence means?

Function “normally” only in presence of substance and may be defined by tolerance & withdrawal

The term tolerance means?

Need more to get the same effects (or reduced effects from same amount)

The term withdrawal means?

Physical symptom reaction to discontinued use (after regular use) or using substance to avoid physical reaction

Substance Use Disorder is?

Pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment and distress

For substance use disorder how many symptoms do you need? Within how mayn years?

At least 2 symptoms within a year

Examples of symptoms you need two of for substance use disorder are?

Using more than intended, unsuccessful attempts to cut down. Excessive time spent using/acquiring/recovering from substance.

What is the overall prevalence of substance use disorders in US teens and adults?

About 9% of all teens and adults in the U.S. display substance use disorders

What is binge drinking is according to the NIAAA?

a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL, typically after four drinks for women and five drinks for men in two hours.

According to NIAAA binge drinking is in terms of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to?

0.08

According to NIAAA binge drinking is in terms of typical number of drinks in a 2 hr period is?

four for women and five for men

What percentage of alcohol is consumed by youth under 21 in the US in the form of binge drinking?

90%

What are the types of risk and potential causal factors believed to lead to substance use disorders?

Family and genetic influences, neurobiological influences, psychological dimensions, and social and cultural dimensions

What is the role of positive and negative reinforcement in substance use disorders?

Positive reinforcement of substance use by providing pleasure, negative reinforcement maintains use by taking away stress eventually taking away withdrawal

The opponent process theory is?

withdrawal does not keep people from use, drugs are easiest way to alleviate it.

Cravings are triggered by?

cues associated with the drug such as, mood, environment, or availably of drug

How does classical conditioning fit in with cravings?

By pairing things over and over they become associated such as feeling sad and wine then starts pairing together.

What effect do cognitions have on drug use?

Expectancy effect: what we expect to experience affects our use and reactions to drugs

What did the Fultion, Kran, and Steward 2012 study find?

Positive expectancies predicted later use

From social and cultural dimensions what is necessary for substance use disorder?

Exposure to drugs is necessary but not sufficient

What are the three classes of biological treatment for substance use disorder?

Agonist, antagonist, and aversive treatments.

Agonist Substitution is?

a safe drug with a similar chemical composition as the abused drug

Methadone, and nicotine gum or patch are examples of?

agonist substitution

Antagonistic Treatments are?

Drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances

A drawback of antagonistic treatment is?

People may not take it because they cannot get drunk or high

Antagonistic treatment has a limited success if not?

Also participating in a structured treatment program.

Aversive Treatment is?

Drugs that make use of substances extremely unpleasant like making them sick.

The overall efficacy of biological treatment for substance use disorder is?

Generally ineffective when used alone

What makes the overall efficacy of biological treatment for substance use disorder better?

In combination with psychological interventions

What are the different types of psychosocial treatment of substance use disorder?

Inpatient, partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient treatment, outpatient care, community support/mutual help programs

What is a useful component added to treatment to increase motivation to change for psychosocial treatment of substance use disorder?

Motivational Interviewing/Motivational Enhancement Therapy

In the Shao et al. Cyberbullying and substance initiation article what is their hypotheses?

That cyberbullying victimization would be significantly associated with substance initiation. Individuals with a recent history of cyberbullying victimization are more likely to initiate substance within the next year.

In the Shao et al. Cyberbullying and substance initiation article what where the key findings?

history of cyberbullying was associated with an increased likelihood of substance use initiation concurrently and one year later.

In the Shao et al. Cyberbullying and substance initiation article did their findings match their hypotheses?

Yes, their findings supported the hypothesis that cyberbullying victimization is linked to substance initiation.

What are the key finds from Yale about Cannabis Use Disorder?

In adolescence a period during which the brain is undergoing major changes, is an extremely poor time period for young people to try the effects of marijuana. Cannabis use in adolescence has been reported to increase the risk for schizophrenia.

In the “American Epidemic: The Nation’s Struggle with Opioid Addiction” about the Murphy family what are the types of struggles Joe and his family faced?

Family disruption, financial hardship, stigma and social isolation