world issues unit one

Population Geography

Study of spatial variations in the distribution of compositions, migrations, growth, of populations

Demography

• Population dynamics

• How population changes because of birth, deaths, migration, aging 

Demographics

• Population characteristics 

• (ie), birth rate, death rate, immigration, age, income, sex, education, occupation, religion, nationality

• CHANGES AFFECT

  • Political systems (ie) voting 

  • Economics (ie) jobs

  • Social structures (ie) families

  • Environment (ie) take from environment 

Demographic Trap

• The situation that arises in a country or region when the population exceeds the carrying capacity of its local ecosystem

• There is nowhere for the people to go, and the economy produces insufficient goods or services to exchange for food and other essentials.

Population control

• Population control refers to the implementation of policies, rewards, and punishments by nations to manage and regulate the growth or decline of their populations in order to maintain stability and address economic challenges.

ICPD

• In 1994 the landmark International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), held in Cairo, transformed global thinking on population and development issues and defined a bold agenda, placing people's dignity and rights at the heart of sustainable development.

Population Explosion

• rapid incline in developed countries(like canada)

Birth Dearth

• low fertility decline results in population decline

Population implosion

• Rapid population decline in developed countries as a result of low fertility rates

Involuntary migration

• movement against their will

• forced out of home

• ppl taken out of africa for slave trade

THE TWO CAUSES FOR THIS

1. Geopolitical

• Invasion, conflict, political corruption

2. Environmental 

• Flooding, drought, rising sea levels

Illegal migration

• cant meet needs for legal migration

TWO WAYS

• illegal entry , through land or water (america)

• Visa violation :violates a countries terms of legal entry (staying after your student visa expires)

Refugee

• person who has fled their own country because they are at risk of serious human rights violations and persecution there.

Remittances

• amount of money sent by a migrant for ppl back home like family 

What are major population trends?

1. Increase in 60s–boomers

• Population explosion 

• 1600s-60s

• Access to food, healthcare, economics, migration

• Need kids to work 

2. Decline 80s plus

• Stable economy, not reliant on kids to work 

• Older population booms

• Working class

Explore challenges and problems immigrants are faced with

• difficult to join society (not in canada bc we embrace multiculturalism)

• difficult to be successful(education is hard to transfer)

Distinguish between push vs. pull factors

PUSH factors make u want to leave 

• war 

• famine

• disease

• poverty

• lack of education and work

• religious intolerance 

PULL factors attract u

• family

• religious tolerance

• weather

• better education and work 

• medical

• higher income

Be able to list and discuss the 5 implications of a birth dearth

1. Family structures: smaller families, single children to take care of elders over having kids, DINKS

2. Aging populations: people live longer

3. Labour shortage: as boomers age, lots of jobs to fill for work as they retire, no one to fill them

4. Economics: decline in supply and demand—supply yet no consumer to demand

5. Shift in power: security council shift because of decline of population 

WHY: 

• Women are educated

• Birth control

• Working linger

• Marrying later

• Divorce 

Implications of Population Decline/size

• aging populations:government needs to spend more money on pensions

• later retirement 

• labour shortages 

• decline in supply and demand 

Approaches to Overpopulation questions & video

• countries like india and china had high fertility rate

• one child ban was implemented in china, led to low fertility rates

• POSITIVE APPROACH birth control,education,fix gender gap

• NEGATIVE APPROACH forced vasectomy or hysterectomy, abortion, gender gap, lack of health care

Theory of Demographic Transition and model

• Changes in population are predictable because of economic, social, and scientific developments 

STAGE 1;

• Pretranstition

• Birth and death rates are high

• Increase gap is small—slowly growing

• Lots of kids, less young people, no old people 

• Explanation: no birth control, infant mortality rate/kids to compensate, children need to work, cultural basis to have kids, people aren't living long

STAGE 2;

• Early transition

• Death rate declines

• Increase gap grows—population boom

• Many young people, few old people

• Explanation: industrialization, healthcare, sanitation, water, food, transportation, decrease in infant mortality

STAGE 3;

• Late transmission 

• Birth rates decline, deaths are low

• Narrow increase gap—less of a boom

• Fertility declines

• Explanation: birth control, no need to have kids, equality and education of women 

STAGE 4;

• Post transition  

• More old people—greying society

• Slow growth, no one is having kids 

STAGE 5;

• Declining population

• Not apart of original model

• Immigration to fill jobs

• (germany, italy, spain, russia, japan)

SUMMARY:

1. Population is slowly growing (need kids but there is infant mortality, and low life expectancy)

2. Population booms (people live longer, able to have healthy kids)

3. Population narrows (more old people, less kids)

4. Population slows (no desire to have kids)

5. Decline (no kids) 

Identify and explain 3 types of population pyramids

Increasing population

• Below 14

• High birth rate

• Make more schools, playgrounds, daycares, rec centres, hospitals 

Decreasing population

• Working range (14-64)

• High death rate

• Make more homes, hospitals, government, elderly care

Stable

• Death is equal to birth

• Spread evenly 

Know the 3 stages of population

Hunting, Gathering

• Food—higher populations

• Nomads would move

• It was low and steady

Agricultural Revolution

• Settlements, cultivate land 

• Tech develops, access to food

• Growing population

Industrial Revolution

• Technological revolution

• Productivity was up

• More consumer goods

• Migration to urban areas

• Population boom