AP Gov 4-5

Freedom of Religion - Establishment Clause

The establishment clause states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.”

Freedom of Religion - Free exercise Clause

This clause prohibits the abridgment of citizens’ freedom to worship or not to worship as they please.

14th Amendment - Equal Protection Clause

Equal Protection refers to the idea that a governmental body may not deny people equal protection of its governing laws

14th Amendment - Due Process Clause

This clause guarantees that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty or property by the U.S. or state governments without due process of law.

Reasonable

age/wealth

Middle level

gender/sex

Highly Suspect

race

Difference between De Jure and De Facto segregation

De Jure is segregation by law, while De Facto is a personal choice.

California v. Bakke, affirmative action

In this affirmative action was used when certain racial minorities were giver more priority due to their history of being discriminated and ignored.

California v. Bakke, quota

The college required a certain number of different race students to be accepted into their program. This quota was unfair since it accepted students of different race with lower scores than Bakke, violating the 14th Amendment Equal protection clause.

Right to Bear Arms

McDonald v. Chicago

Freedom of Speech

Schenck v. US

Gitlow v. New York

Freedom of Religion(Establishment Clause)

Engel v. Vitale

Freedom of Religion (Free Exercise Clause)

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Right to Attorney

Gideon v. Wainright

Right to state using Death Penalty

Furman v. Georgia

Right to privacy

Roe v. Wade

One person = one vote

Baker v. Carr (racial gerrymandering)

Exclusionary rule

Mapp v. Ohio

No Prior Restraint

New York Times v. US

States right to regulate obscene material

Roth v. United States

Corporations right to spend money on Campaigns

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

Students right to free Speech

Tinker v. Des Moines

Largest socio-economically minority groups

Hispanice-Americans

Fastest Growing

Asian Americans

Worst off

Native Americans

Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of education

One case favors “seperaet but equal” other rules over this case and defines this unconstiutional and violating 14th amendment

1. Women’s wage gap

3/4 of what men make

ERA

Proposed in Congress in 1923 in an effort to secure full equality for women in pay wages

Comparable worth

1. he principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort.


1. Exe. Pink v. Blue collared jobs

1. Essay surrounding Shaw v. Reno

1. Districts were drawn in favor of African-Americans, causing them to violate the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause. 
2. This was unfair racial gerrymandering.
3. This case said “Districts cannot be drawn to prefer races or people” and “No gerrymandering regarding race”.