Unit 2 AP AFRO

What were ladinos in the context of African explorers in the Americas?

Ladinos were free and enslaved Africans familiar with Iberian culture who journeyed with Europeans in their earliest explorations of the Americas.

What role did Atlantic creoles play in early African history in America?

Atlantic creoles were intermediaries who had social mobility and familiarity with multiple languages and cultures before the predominance of chattel slavery.

What percentage of enslaved Africans brought to the U.S. came directly from Africa?

About 5 percent (approximately 388,000) of the total number of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas came directly to what became the United States.

What was the significance of Juan Garrido in the history of Africans in North America?

Juan Garrido was the first known African to arrive in North America during a Spanish expedition in 1513 and maintained his freedom by serving in the Spanish military.

How did the Middle Passage impact enslaved Africans physically and psychologically?

Enslaved Africans faced humiliation, disease, and high mortality rates, with about 15 percent perishing during the journey.

What were the primary slave trading zones in Africa for enslaved people transported to North America?

The primary slave trading zones included Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Angola, and Mozambique.

What is the meaning of 'partus sequitur ventrem' in relation to race and status?

It is a legal principle that defined a child's status based on that of the mother, reinforcing hereditary slavery.

In what ways did enslaved people contribute to agricultural labor in the United States?

They worked in tasks such as cultivation in gang systems or individual task systems, producing significant agricultural outputs like cotton and rice.

Who led the famous slave revolt aboard La Amistad in 1839?

Sengbe Pieh, a Mende captive, led the revolt when enslaved Africans took over the ship.

What is Juneteenth and why is it historically significant?

Juneteenth commemorates June 19, 1865, the day enslaved people in Texas were informed of their freedom, marking the end of slavery in the last rebel state.

How did enslaved African Americans use spirituals?

Spirituals allowed enslaved people to express their hardships and hopes, communicate escape plans, and embody cultural traditions.

What was the impact of the Haitian Revolution on slavery in the Americas?

The Haitian Revolution resulted in the first successful uprising against colonial slavery, leading to the establishment of Haiti as a free Black republic.

What was one of the major contributions of Black soldiers during the Civil War?

They served the Union Army, contributing to the advancement of abolition and asserting their citizenship despite facing inequities.