Ap Euro: Unit 2

The Great Schism

three popes refused to step down- Church splits (Catholic and Orthodox)

Avignon Papacy

six popes lived in France rather than Rome (also known as Babylonian Captivity) Indulgences increased as popes were cut off from their treasury

The Renaissance Papacy

corruption under Julius II (warrior pope)

Egalitarian

when everyone is equal in the Church

The Brothers of the Common Life

association in the Catholic Church, clerics/priests, share a common life with the lay people (Luther was in it)

Complaints against the Catholic Church

- Corruption

-Simony

-Absenteeism

-Pluralism

-Nepotism

Simony

sale of religious office to highest bidder

Absenteeism

clergy who did not live in their parish

Pluralism (Papacy)

having multiple Church positions at the same time

Johann Tetzel

famous indulgence preacher

Germany lacked....

political unity to enforce large scale religious reforms (discontent w/ Church)

Ninety Five Thesis (1517)

opposed indulgences because it made it seem as salvation could be bought

Sola Fide

faith alone

Luthers ideas were....

Christian Humanism

Sanctions

punishments

Who became the emperor of HRE in 1520?

(Spanish) Charles I → Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Edict of Worms

Charles V declares Luther an outlaw of the HRE

What did Luther not like with the Church and the Bible?

that priests interpreted/dictated the Bible

What did Luther conclude?

God does not demand charitable acts and religious ceremonies, just faith in Jesus Christ. Good works were expected, but did not earn salvation

The Diet of Worms (1521)

placed Luther under imperial ban

Who translates the Bible?

Frederick the Wise

Schmalkaldic League

Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

treaty between HRE Charles V and Schmalkaldic League formed as a military alliance to defend Lutheran Interests

Cuius regio, eius religio

Whose realm, his religion

John Wycliffe

English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life

Jan Hus

Burned at stake, philosopher, challenged the Church

Frederick III

a German prince-elector who protected and supported Martin Luther

Huldrych Zwingli

Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland (influenced Anabaptist religion)

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society (Calvinism)

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

James I and Charles I

Scottish kings that took control of England after the death of Elizabeth ( leads to English Civil War Royalists vs. Parliamentarians {Puritans})

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

German Peasants

Demanded an end to serfdom because they were excited by reformers talk of Christian freedom, Peasant Revolts, Egalitarianism

Pluralism (Government + Religon)

Multiple religions at once

Diet of Augsburg

Called by Charles V. This meeting of Protestant and Catholic reps assembled to impose a settlement of the religious divisions. Charles V wanted all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism. As a result, the Lutherans formed the Schmalkaldic League.

"Institutes of Christian Religion"

Calvin's religious and political reforms

"Twelve Articles"

Representatives of peasants met and made these articles expressing their anger. It blamed religious lords and summarized the crisis of the 16th century. They complained about how nobles treated them poorly and heavily taxed them.

Elizabethan Settlement and Thirty-Nine Articles

modified religious practices in England (not enough for the Puritans)

Concordat of Bologna

Catholic Church gets income from French Churches→French King picks bishops

How did princes and kings enact religious reforms?

By seeking political and economic gains (Church land and collecting their taxes, embracing protestant reformation)

Peasant Revolt

Peasants saw Luther as an ally (He was not) and asked him for support of demands to end serfdom

Marburg Colloquy

The meeting of Luther and Zwingli to unite their two movements. They failed over the issue of eucharist. Zwingli believed the Bread and Wine were sign of the believers' faithfulness to each other. Luther thought it was a visible physical symbol of Chirst.

Geneva, Switzerland

- Theocracy

- Council of Elders governs the church

-Religious laws highly enforced

- Calvin had strong influence

Act of Supremacy (1534)

declared Henry VIII "the supreme head of the Church of England"

1536 Pilgrimage of Grace

revolt against Henry VIII and break with Catholic Church

Who defeated the Spanish Armada?

Queen Elizabeth of England

The Habsburg Dynasty

one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors; very Catholic

Charles V Sons

Philip II (inherits Spain, Netherlands, Naples, and Sicily) and Ferdinand I (Austria and HRE)

Which country was the wealthiest in Europe, the center of banking and shipping, and was mostly Calvinist, however, there was religious toleration?

Netherlands

Who tried to invade HRE and lost? (Poland and Duke of Lorraine was on HRE's side)

Ottoman Empire

Who married Mary Tudor

Philip II

Elizabeth's Thirty Nine Articles (1563)

make moderate Protestantism the official religion of England

What was Philip II's goal?

universal christendom

What was the feud in France during the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Bourbon (Protestant) vs. Guise (Catholic)

2 Kings died leaving....

Young Charles IX to the throne in 1560

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Catherine de Medici orders the massacre of Huguenots during the wedding of Henry of Navarre and Margaret (her daughter; sister to king)

Henry III of Valois

Killed by Catholic Monk (2nd death), brother of Charles IX; Catholic; outlawed Protestantism and annulled Henry of Navarre's right to the throne

Henry I, Duke of Guise

Killed by Henry III body guards (1st to die), Extreme Catholic, supported by Philip II of Spain, established the Catholic League which wanted to ensure only Catholics ruled France

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Protestant (Calvinist); had support from Elizabeth I of England; becomes French King after War of the Three Henry's

Edict of Nantes (1598)

offering official toleration to Protestants in France (ends French Wars of Religion)

Preconditions of HRE before the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

-Fragmented HRE

- Religious divisions

1st Phase

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625), Ferdinand II takes Bohemian throne, however, Bohemians want a Calvinist Bohemian Leader (Frederick V) Win For HRE

2nd Phase

Danish Phase (1625 - 1630), Protestant King of Denmark tries to invade Germany Win For HRE

Edict of Restitution

reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and demanded Protestant princes to return to Catholicism or pay money to control the Catholic lands

Treaty of Lübeck (1629)

HRE defeats Denmark

3rd Phase

Swedish Phase (1630-1635), King Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden, with help from French Huguenots and protestant Dutch, and Prussia try to invade parts of HRE (Germany) Win For Protestants

Peace of Prague

ends the religious wars within HRE but religious war continue elsewhere

4th Phase

French Phase (1635-1648), France enters war on Protestant side, Spain enters on Catholic, turns into France vs. Spain in northern German states, Win For Protestants

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the thirty years war, it was written in French and stated that the ruler of a land would determine the lands official religion of that land. It also gave Calvanists legal recognition. Swiss Confederacy and Netherlands recognized as independent, Italian regions removed from HRE, Bradenburg-Prussia becomes most powerful German State, Spain vs. France continues

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles, army funded by him

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Inquisition

defend truths/doctrines seek out anyone who does not agree

Roman Inquisition

A Catholic court that inquired into the beliefs of people to see if they were heretics (Charles V and then Philip II involved)

1559 Index of Prohibited Books

list of books Catholic printers can not print

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. (All men)

Ursulines

This was an order for women that established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls for all social classes that became very influential. Spread Catholicism to other continents.

Teresa of Avila and the Carmelites

She addressed the needs of for reforms in the Carmelite order

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Met three times, and emphasized main Catholic beliefs.

The Women Question (La Querelle Des Femmes)

were women fit to attend university?

Carnival

3-6 day period of celebration before Lent

Blood Sports

pitted humans against eachother

Saint's day festivities

celebrations honor the patron saint of a town or state

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space. In the manner of Michelangelo and Raphael.

Baroque

Usually funded by Catholic Church, dramatic and exaggerated look, includes architecture, emphasis on shadows, and bold contrasting light and dark