Phar 815 Midterm - NOT EVERYTHING

What are the components of the patient care process?

Collect, assess, plan, implement, follow-up: monitor and evaluate

Why is the patient care process important?

The patient care process ensures comprehensive and personalized care by systematically addressing a patient's needs, which improves outcomes and promotes safety.

What resources could you use to locate disease information?

Treatment guidelines, medical literature, textbooks

What resources could you use to locate basic drug information?

Lexicomp, Micromedex

What resource could you use to locate information on lab/diagnostic testing?

Guide to Diagnostic Tests through Access Pharmacy

What resource could you use for medical comparisons?

Pharmacist Letter charts

Define biomedical informatics

Biomedical informatics is the interdisciplinary field that combines healthcare, computer science, and information technology to optimize the organization, retrieval, and use of biomedical information for better patient care.

Define drug information

Facts or advice on drugs regarding a specific patient or group of patients based on current or accurate evidence

Define pharmacy informatics

Using technology and automation to ensure safe medication use, manage and integrate medication data across systems, and support the medication use process

What are some factors that influenced pharmacists as DI providers?

Adverse drug event prevention and reporting, growth of information technology (pharmacy informatics, electronic health records, DI resources/applications/availability, increased focus on evidence-based medicine and drug policy development, evaluation of outcomes, rise in self-care, increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine, etc.)

(DI Skills) Pharmacists have to ____ available information and gather ____ ____ needed to characterize a question or issue

(DI Skills) Pharmacists have to assess available information and gather situational data needed to characterize a question or issue

(DI Skills) Formulate appropriate ____

(DI Skills) Formulate appropriate questions

(DI Skills) ____ other informational needs

(DI Skills) Anticipate other information needs

What are some opportunities in practice for DI skills?

• Academia: didactic teaching, precepting, resource oversight

• Institutional health systems: DI center, formulary management, clinical questions, medication safety, etc.

• Managed care pharmacy: prior authorizations, formulary management, adverse event monitoring, specialty pharmacy

• Poison control: specialized area, work in poison control center

• Pharmaceutical center: providing medical information to healthcare professionals, develop training materials, medical science liaison

• Scientific writing and medical communication: DI resource company, writing grants, IRB reports, manuscripts, journal reviewer

What are the 7 steps in the systematic approach to answering DI requests? Be able to explain each step further

Step 1: Identify the requestor and establish timeframe

Step 2: Obtain background information and define informational need

Step 3: Categorize the ultimate question

Step 4: Develop and conduct an efficient search strategy

Step 5: Evaluate, analyze, and synthesize relevant literature into a response

Step 6: Communicate response

Step 7: Conduct follow-up

What are some critical factors to consider when providing a DI response? (Generalize)

Critical factors include:

• Patient factors such as age, organ function, and comorbidities.

• Disease factors involving disease state severity and progression.

• Medication factors regarding pharmacokinetics and interactions.

• Pertinent background information including social determinants of health and medication history.

What are the components of a DI response?

Introduction to the topic, summary of findings, detailed analysis, conclusion, and references.

Explain the importance of conducting follow-up for any recommendation or information you provide in a DI response

Follow-up is essential in a DI response to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the information provided. It allows for the assessment of the effectiveness of recommendations and ensures that any new data or changes in patient status are addressed. It helps maintain communication with the requestor and improves patient care outcomes.

Define primary literature

New knowledge or enhancements to existing knowledge

Define secondary literature

Indexing and abstracting sources

Define tertiary literature

Information that has already been collected, evaluated, and summarized from multiple sources

What are 3 things you should consider when conducting a literary search?

• Type of information needed

• Level of detail needed

• Availability

What is the minimum number of resources needed to support an answer?

2, it helps validate the answer

When should you use tertiary resources?

• Basic, factual knowledge

• Topic has been studied extensively

• Experts agree

When should you use primary resources?

• New information

• No expert consensus

• Conflicting evidence available

• Topic needs further study for conclusions to be made

• Limited data available

What makes a resource appropriate?

• Well-referenced

• Evidence-based

• Validated or verified by at least 2 sources

• Peer-reviewed

• Reputable and credible sources

What makes a resource inappropriate?

• Contains no references

• Published by an individual, not peer-reviewed

• Biased or promotional content

• Lacks evidence or support

• Outdated information or data

What are some limitations for tertiary resources?

• Incomplete information

• Possibly outdated

• Potential bias

• Different information on the same question within databases

What are the components of a research article?

• Title

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Methods

• Results

• Discussion

• Conclusion

• Resources