Biology Final 2025 Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for the Biology Final 2025 exam.

DNA and DNA Base Pairing

Nucleotide base pairing rule: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

DNA and RNA Base Pairing

Nucleotide base pairing rule: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

RNA Polymerase

Copies a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence during transcription.

Codon

Three nucleotide bases that code for a specific amino acid or signal the start or stop of protein synthesis.

Cell

The smallest unit of life.

Homeostasis

The process that maintains a stable internal environment.

Central Principle of Biology

All living things are made of one or more cells.

Competition

Interaction between two organisms that depend on the same resource at the same time and in the same place.

Levels of Organization in a Living Thing (Simple to Complex)

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms

Natural Selection

The process by which some members of a species pass on advantageous traits because they are better suited or adapted to their environment.

Function of Carbohydrates

Providing energy.

Function of Nucleic Acids

Storage and expression of genomic information.

Function of Lipids

Energy storage, insulation.

Function of Proteins

Acting as enzymes, structural components, hormones, and antibodies.

Exoskeleton of a Grasshopper/Insects Composition

Chitin.

Organic Compounds Made from Amino Acids

Proteins.

Steroid

Type of lipid.

Structural Differences Between DNA and RNA

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose sugar.

"Powerhouse of the Cell"

Mitochondrion.

Organelle Responsible for Modifying, Sorting, and Packaging Proteins

Golgi apparatus.

Organelle Primarily Involved in Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes.

Hormone Regulating Cell Cycle Progression

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs).

Basic Unit of Heredity

Gene.

Dominant Allele

An allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a recessive allele.

Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell

46.

Phenotype

Observable characteristics and traits of an organism.

AA

Homozygous dominant.

aa

Homozygous recessive.

Offspring Percentages from Heterozygous Cross

Homozygous dominant (AA): 25%, Homozygous recessive (aa): 25%, Heterozygous (Aa): 50%.

Process by which Gametes are Formed

Meiosis.

Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel.

Punnett Squares

The probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

Gene Expression

Process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein.

Molecule Carrying Genetic Instructions from DNA to the Ribosome

mRNA.

Transcription (in Gene Expression)

The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA.

Location of Translation

Ribosomes.

Details About the 2 Strands of DNA

Antiparallel, Complimentary (A with T and C with G), Held together by hydrogen bonds.

Regulation of Gene Expression

Transcription factors, epigenetic modifications and RNA processing.

Organelle Containing Enzymes for Breaking Down Waste Materials and Cellular Debris

Lysosome.

Organelle Only in Plant Cells, Responsible for Photosynthesis

Chloroplast.

Main Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesize and modify proteins.

Difference Between Autotroph and Heterotroph

Autotrophs produce food using light, water, carbon dioxide or other chemicals; heterotrophs consume other plants or animals.

Gas Released as Waste Product During Photosynthesis

Oxygen.

Effect of Removing Carbon Dioxide from a Plant's Environment

Carbon dioxide is a key ingredient.

First Phase of the Cell Cycle

Interphase.

Phase of the Cell Cycle where DNA Replication Occurs

S Phase.

Mitosis Phase with Chromosomes Lined Up in the Middle of the Cell

Metaphase.

Final Step of the Cell Cycle

Cytokinesis.

Organelle that Regulates Transport of Substances In and Out of the Nucleus

Cell membrane.

Organelle that Provides the Cell's Structural Support and Shape

Cytoskeleton.

Organelle Involved in Lipid Synthesis and Detoxification Processes

Endoplasmic reticulum.

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis as Opposite Processes

Photosynthesis is a process of reduction from carbon dioxide to carbohydrates or other nutrients, cellular respiration is the oxidation of Carbohydrates or other nutrients to carbon dioxide.

Main Function of the Central Vacuole in Plant Cells

Storing water, nutrients, and waste products.