The Mongols

Location

East and Central Asia

Type of People

Nomadic Warriors

Main Economy

Herded goats and sheep---> moved from pasture to pasture

Staple Foods

meat and Milk ---> traded for veggies and grain

Trading

Mongols traded hides for jewelry, weapons, and cloth

Horses

main means of transportation and used for invasions and Mongols learned to ride horses since they could walk

Clans

camped and herded together and combined into confederations for raiding and the leaders were elected by the freeman

Tumens

Military unit of 10,000 men--->broken down into smaller units---> divided into 3 groups

Horses in War

made conquering faster

Messenger Force

rode horses for days

Other Units

Map making unit

New Technology

exploding arrows, gunpowder projectiles, stirrups, later adopt canons

Genghis Khan

united the Mongol tribes

Khagan

supreme ruler of the Mongols

Kuriltai

meeting of the Mongol chiefs

Ghengis Khans Family

9 wives and 10 children

Conquering Under Ghengis

conquered the area of Central Asia and moved into Middle-East and Eastern Europe

Mongol Expansion

attacked Northern China and Central Asia

Conquered Peoples

towns that resisted were destroyed---> remaining people were killed or sold into slavery but scholars and artisans were sometimes spared and conquered areas had to pay tribute

Mongolian Capital

in Mongolia called Carakorum

Mongol Housing

lived in tenets

Useful Individuals for the Mongols

Confucian scholars and Muslim engineers were used

Good Under Mongols

brought peace to much of the areas they conquered

-secured trade route (Silk Road)

-scholarship flourished

-area organized (into Khanates

-helped develop economic and social improvements

Women under the Mongols

could inherit property, could ride horses but men had many wives

Mongols in Russia

Russians called them the Golden Horde or Tartars

Tartars

in Russian means people from hell

Fighting the Mongols

Russian princes were divided and fought Mongols individually ---> Russians were easily conquered

Destruction of Kiev

in 1240 the Mongols destroyed Kiev

Mongol Rule of Russia

lasted 250 years

Mongol Gov't in Russia

Russian princes were vassals of the Mongols

Jobs of Russian Vassals

to collect tribute--->peasants had to pay both Russian princes and Mongols

Economic Effects of Mongol Rule on Russia

Russian towns increase profit from trade

ex: Moscow

Russia isolated from Western Europe though and therefore the Renaissance (didn't trade with WE nor were they included in the achievements of the R)

Religious Effects on Russia Under Mongols

Eastern Orthodox Church grew in power

Governmental Effects of Mongol Rule on Russia

Peasants become serfs of Russian princes and Russia was isolated from Western Europe and they learn new military tactics: gun powder

Mongol Rule in China

Rule under the Yuan

Laws of Mongol Rule in China

laws were implemented to separate Chinese and Mongol culture: could not marry ethnic Chinese, Chinese scholars could not learn Mongol language, Mongol religious ceremonies were retained and @ the capital the Mongols lived in tents (instead of in houses like the Chinese)

Mongols Interested in Chinese Culture

Chinese rituals, Chinese calendar, science

Social Structure of China under Mongols

Mongols @ the top, Muslim and Asian allies were second, Chinese were separated by region + ethnicity

Mongol Women...(Unlike China)

didn't bind feet and got to ride horses

Chabi

Kubilai Khan's wife

Eco. + Cultural Growth in China Under Mongols

merchants and artisans flourished, plays and dramas increased but not a lot, more efficient tax systems (made peasant life better), opened more hospitals and added ideas of Muslim medicine

Marco Polo

traveler from Venice who wrote Chinese accounts