AP Psychology - Clinical Psychology

somatic symptom disorders

psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause

biopsychosocial model

a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

neurobiological model

a modern name for the medical model, in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes

anxiety disorder

a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive

phobia

an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction

specific phobia

an anxiety disorder involving fear and avoidance of heights, animals, and other specific stimuli and situations

post-traumatic stress disorder

a pattern of adverse reactions following a traumatic and threatening event; not an anxiety disorder

social phobia

an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fears relating to social situations

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder involving strong fear of being alone or away from the security of home

generalized anxiety disorder

a condition that involves relatively mild but long-lasting anxiety that is focused on any particular object or situation;

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals; not considered an anxiety disorder

panic attacks

attacks marked by intense heart palpitations, pressure or pain in the chest, dizziness or unsteadiness, sweating, and a feeling of faintness

obsessions

persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts

compulsions

ritualistic, repetitive behaviors

functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder)

a somatic symptom disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause

Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondriasis)

a somatic symptom disorder involving strong, unjustified fear of physical illness

somatic symptom disorder

disorder in which there are numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness; specific symptoms fall into 4 categories (GI, neurological, sexual and pain)

dissociative disorders

rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity

dissociative fugue

a dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale usually due to trauma

dissociative amnesia

a dissociative disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory due to psychological causes

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity; also called multiple personality disorder

mood disorder

conditions in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania; also called affective disorder

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months

delusions

false beliefs, such as those experienced by people suffering from schizophrenia or extreme depression

mania

an elated, very active emotional state

bipolar I disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between deep depression and mania; also called manic depression

bipolar II disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between major depressive episodes and hypomania episodes

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

during months of shorter daylight, patients experience severe depression, accompanied by irritability and excessive sleeping

schizophrenia

a severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking emotion, perception, and behavior

neologisms

"new words" that have meaning only to the person speaking them

loose associations

the tendency for one thought to be logically unconnected, or slightly related, to the next

clang associations

associations based on double meanings or on the way words sound

hallucinations

a symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present

positive symptoms

schizophrenic symptoms such as disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions

negative symptoms

schizophrenic symptoms such as absence of pleasure, lack of speech, and flat effect

paranoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by suspiciousness and distrust of others, all of whom are assumed to be hostile

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships; restricted range of emotion

schizotypal personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors

dependent personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

patients diagnosed with this disorder are impulsive and unable to concentrate on an activity as well as other children their age can

substance-related disorders

the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others

Martin Seligman

an American psychologist and author of self-help books. His theory of "learned helplessness" is widely respected among scientific psychologists.[1] He is the director of the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania

Diathesis-stress approach

Disorders are a result of predisposed, bioloogical factors triggered by the environment.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

catatonia

a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

delusions of grandeur

A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority.

delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

lists symptoms of disorders determined by observable details

Diathesis Stress Model

looks at the predisposition of a person to determine if they may be likely to experience a mental disorder. Mental disorders then often triggered by stress.

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

idea that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Rosenhan Study

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors. shows danger of diagnostic labeling.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood. Low levels associated with depression.

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

waxy flexibility

maintenance of posture or position over time even when it is awkward or uncomfortable

word salad

jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia