Musculoskeletal and Digestive Systems Review

300 practice flashcards covering Musculoskeletal and Digestive systems anatomy, physiology, conditions, and nursing care based on the provided lecture transcript.

Axial Skeleton

The main core supportive part of the skeleton including the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cavity.

Appendicular Skeleton

The skeletal part that hooks onto the core, including the shoulders, pelvic area, upper arms, and lower limbs.

Skull

Part of the axial skeleton composed of bones that eventually fuse together.

Fontanels

Soft spots on an infant's head where the skull bones have not yet come together.

Anterior Fontanel

The soft spot located at the front of an infant's skull.

Posterior Fontanel

The soft spot located at the back of an infant's skull.

Sutures

The points where the fontanels have fused together to join the skull bones.

Skull Fusion Age

The age, around $25$, when the skull bones are completely fused together.

Role of Fontanels: Growth

They provide the head with space to grow before the sutures fuse together.

Role of Fontanels: Shape

They permit the skull to change shape slightly during childbirth.

Vertebral Column Divisions

Broken down into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sections.

Cervical Vertebrae

The first section of the spinal column, consisting of $7$ vertebrae.

Thoracic Vertebrae

The middle section of the spinal column, consisting of $12$ vertebrae.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The lower section of the spinal column, consisting of $5$ vertebrae.

Sacrum

The bone located below the lumbar vertebrae, forming part of the pelvis.

Coccyx

Commonly known as the tailbone, located at the very end of the vertebral column.

Vertebral Column Functions

Holds the head, allows twisting and bending, and provides stiff support for the core.

Foramen

A term for an opening in a bone, such as the vertebral foramen through which the spinal cord runs.

Vertebral Foramen

The opening in the vertebrae that houses and protects the spinal cord.

Cervical Spine Injury

Injury to this area often requires the use of a respirator because the patient cannot breathe on their own.

Fourth Lumbar Injury

An injury at this level typically results in paralysis from the waist down.

Scoliosis

An abnormal lateral or sideways curvature of the spinal column that often occurs in young adults.

Lordosis

An abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by a swayback or exaggerated dip in the lower lumbar region.

Scoliosis Detection: Shoulders

One shoulder appearing higher than the other while standing can indicate this condition.

Scoliosis Detection: Diver's Position

Having a child bend over as if diving into a pool allows one to see if one side of the back is higher than the other.

Scoliosis Referral Threshold

School nurses typically refer children to a doctor if the spine is more than $5$ degrees off center.

Kyphosis

A spinal abnormality often referred to as hunchback, affecting the upper back.

Estrogen and Bone Health

The loss of estrogen, often in later life, can contribute to bone density loss.

Intra-vertebral Disc

The disc located between two vertebrae that provides the ability to move, bend, and lift.

Slipped or Bulging Disc

A condition where the intervertebral disc begins to push out from its normal position.

Herniated or Ruptured Disc

A condition where the disc material actually slips out or bursts, causing excruciating pain.

Degenerative Disc

A disc that has thinned out over time, potentially leading to bone-on-bone contact.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Pain caused by the irritation of the nerve passing through the carpal bones in the wrist.

Carpal Tunnel Risk Factors

Common in individuals who use their hands extensively, such as computer users or knitters.

Calcaneus

The heel bone, which provides 'spring' and support during walking.

Tarsal Bones

The bones of the foot that join with the metatarsals.

Metatarsal Bones

The bones in the middle of the foot located between the tarsals and the phalanges.

Patella

The medical term for the kneecap.

Synovial Fluid

The fluid found in joints that facilitates smooth movement.

Pelvic Girdle

A structure that houses the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs (ovaries in women).

Female Pelvis

Generally wider than the male pelvis to allow for vaginal childbirth.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in blood vessels, lungs, and various organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart that continuously pumps blood.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle that enables movements like walking, standing, and chewing.

Involuntary Muscle Movement

Movements that occur automatically without conscious control, such as heartbeats or digestion.

Voluntary Muscle Movement

Movements under conscious control, such as sitting or standing.

Peristalsis

The automatic, wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Body Temperature Regulation

An involuntary process where muscles shiver to help raise the body's temperature.

Goosebumps

An involuntary reaction of the skin/muscles, often in response to cold or emotion.

Fast-Twitch Muscle Example

Muscles used for quick, explosive actions like jumping or sprinting.

Hamstring Muscles

A group of three muscles located at the back of the thigh.

Ossification

The process by which bones are hardened and formed by osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for the formation and hardening of bone tissue.

Rickets

A bone malformation in children caused by a deficiency in Vitamin D.

Osteomalacia

A condition in adults where bones become soft due to Vitamin D deficiency.

Vitamin D Source

The best natural source of this vitamin is sunlight.

Muscle Elasticity

The ability of muscles to stretch and return to their original shape, allowing them to work in pairs.

Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Moving a body part toward the midline of the body (adding it back).

Abduction Pillow

A sponge device placed between the legs after hip surgery to prevent the leg from crossing the midline.

Range of Motion (ROM)

Exercises used to maintain joint mobility and prevent muscle contractures.

Muscle Power Sources

Foods that furnish carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to produce heat and motion.

Contracture

The shortening of muscles due to lack of movement or gravitational pull, resulting in fixed joints.

Retraction

A condition where hands or limbs become permanently flexed and difficult to move due to inactivity.

Repositioning Frequency

Patients on bed rest must be repositioned every $2$ hours to prevent skin breakdown and contractures.

Aerobic Exercise

Exercise that requires oxygen and is sustained over a long duration, such as a marathon.

Anaerobic Exercise

Fast-paced exercise done without sufficient oxygen, leading to quick shortness of breath.

Isometric Exercise

Exercise where muscle tension is created without actual movement of the joint.

Isotonic Exercise

Exercise that involves moving the muscles through a range of motion, such as lifting weights.

Muscle Hypertrophy

Enlargement of muscle fibers due to exercise, though the number of muscles does not increase.

Gliding Joint

A joint type where bones slide over each other; the hip was mistakenly cited as an example before being corrected to ball and socket.

Ball and Socket Joint

The type of joint found in the hip and shoulder that allows for wide range of motion.

Fall Risk Assessment

A standardized tool used by nurses to evaluate a patient's potential for falling.

Thoracic Cavity

The area protected by the ribs that houses the heart and lungs.

Stirrup

One of the three small bones in the ear, part of the axial skeleton.

Anvil

One of the three small bones in the ear, also known as the incus.

Hammer

One of the three small bones in the ear, also known as the malleus.

Ingestion

The process of taking food or medicine into the body by swallowing.

Digestion

The breakdown of food into fuel that meets the body's energy needs.

Absorption

The process where nutrients and minerals from broken-down food enter the capillaries, mainly in the small intestine.

Elimination

The process of extracting waste and feces from the body after nutrients have been absorbed.

Tylenol Absorption Time

It typically takes $20$ to $30$ minutes for this medication to begin providing headache relief.

Small Intestine: Absorption

The primary site where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Large Intestine: Absorption

The primary site for water absorption back into the body.

Mouth Flora

The collection of bacteria in the mouth, which is considered one of the 'nastiest' or most infection-prone areas in the body.

Tongue Functions

Assists with the mechanical movement of food, speech, and the sense of taste.

pH of the Mouth

Approximately $6.8$.平衡

Normal Body pH

The normal pH range of the blood is $7.35$ to $7.45$.

Pharynx

A $5\,inch$ long passageway used for both air and food.

Soft Palate

The fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth.

Salivary Glands

Glands in the mouth that produce saliva to start the digestion process.

Vocal Cords

Folds of tissue in the larynx that produce sound when air passes through them.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that prevents the aspiration of food into the lungs by closing the airway during swallowing.

Aspiration

The accidental inhalation of food or liquid into the lungs, often a risk for stroke patients or those with epiglottis weakness.

Hiccups

A condition that occurs when the breathing and diaphragm rhythm get out of sync.

Diaphragm

A muscle that moves up during inhalation and down during exhalation, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Esophagus

A muscular tube about $10\,inches$ long that serves as a passageway for food to the stomach.

Peristalsis in the Esophagus

Alternating muscular relaxation and contraction that moves food along in $5$ to $10$ seconds.

Esophageal Muscle Layers

Consists of an outer longitudinal layer and an inner concentric circular layer.

Dysphagia

The medical term for difficulty with swallowing.