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renal calculi smaller than 4 mm have
80% chance passing naturally with vigorous hydration (more than 3L/day)
other treatments for renal calculi
drug therapy
surgery
broken down w ultrasonic lithotripsy
drug therapy
antimicrobial agents for infection
analgesic agents- hydromorphone (Dilaudid) and morphine (Duramorph) for pain
diuretics
thiazides
methenamine
preventive measures
low-calcium oxalate diet
oxalate-binding cholestyramine
parathyroidectomy
allopurinol
daily oral doses of ascorbic acid
adequate hydration
removing calculi
inserting a cystoscope through urethra and manipulating calculi with catheters or retrieval instruments