APES formulas

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7 Terms

1
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Population Growth Rate

(Births - Deaths) / Population x 100

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Doubling Time (Rule of 70)

Doubling time = 70 / Annual Growth Rate

3
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Percent Change

(New Value - Old Value) / Old Value x 100

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Density

Mass / Volume

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pH Scale

A 1-unit decrease on the pH scale represents a 10-fold increase in acidity

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Energy Efficiency

(Work Output / Work Input) x 100

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Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) - Respiration = Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

NPP = GPP - Respiration