Bio 2

Mitochondrion

A part of the cell that makes energy by turning food and oxygen into ATP through cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration

The process by which mitochondria convert food and oxygen into energy (ATP).

Energy production

The primary function of mitochondria, enabling cells to perform their activities.

Outer and inner layers

Mitochondria have two layers: an outer layer and a folded inner layer that aids in energy production.

Own DNA

Mitochondria possess their own DNA, enabling them to synthesize some of their own proteins.

Key functions of cells

Cells take in nutrients and oxygen, produce energy, excrete waste, communicate, and support growth and repair.

Mechanical digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as by chewing.

Chemical digestion

The use of enzymes to break down food into smaller molecules.

Role of the stomach

Churns food and uses acid and enzymes for chemical digestion of proteins and fats.

Pancreatic enzymes

Enzymes from the pancreas that help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the upper intestine.

Nutrient absorption

The process in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Function of the large intestine

Removes water from waste, produces vitamins, and compacts undigested food into feces.

Function of the gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver for fat digestion.

Role of enzymes in digestion

Enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler forms, facilitating digestion.

Function of the respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide, essential for cellular respiration.

Role of red blood cells

Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Function of the circulatory system

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Heart structure

The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, with valves to prevent backflow.

Pulmonary circulation

Moves blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

Systemic circulation

Supplies oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Blood vessel types

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, veins return deoxygenated blood, and capillaries allow exchange.

Main components of blood

Red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (infection fighting), platelets (clotting), plasma (nutrient transport).

How white blood cells protect the body

They detect and destroy pathogens, helping to prevent infections.

Excretion

The process of removing waste products from the body, primarily through kidneys and sweat.

Function of kidneys

Filter waste from the blood, regulate fluids and electrolytes, and produce urine.

Function of skin

Protects internal organs, regulates body temperature, acts as a barrier, and senses touch.

Function of sweat

Regulates body temperature through evaporation and contains waste products.

Four chambers of the heart

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Function of the right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava.

Function of the right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Function of the left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

Function of the left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Valves in the heart

Structures that prevent backward flow of blood.

Major blood vessels connected to the heart

Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aorta.

Why is the left side of the heart thicker?

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more force.