a. How has an LIDC developed so far?

What case study?

Zambia

When was Zambia taken as a British colony and what was it named?

In 1888, named northern Rhodesia

When did Zambia gain independence?

1964

Describe the history of Zambia.

Originally was inhabited by different groups of African people, most of which were farmers / herders

Land was then taken over as a British colony in 1888 and named Northern Rhodesia

Country gained independence in 1964, when it was renamed as Zambia

Despite being rich in minerals, Zambia has struggled to develop over the past 50 years and remains one of the world’s poorest countries

Describe the location of Zambia.

• Southern Africa

• North of Zimbabwe

• Land locked

• Between equator and tropic of capricorn

What is the average life expectancy in Zambia?

52 - very low

Has very high death rates due to HIV transmission and lack of medication (like antiretroviral drugs)

Describe Zambia’s population growth.

Zambia’s population growth is 2.9%

(the 8th highest in the world)

This is due to the high brith rates due to a lack of access to contraception, women marry young and children are needed to work and support their parents

Have a very young population - where 46% are 0-14 years old

How much of the country lives in poverty?

Almost half of the country’s population lives in poverty

Most people live in rural areas

What are the literacy rate in Zambia.

63.4% - very low = hard to get well paid jobs

How has technology influenced Zambia’s development?

There is limited development of technology in Zambia due to limited investment and low incomes

There is also a reliance on Chinese TNCs to develop technology to extra copper e.g. Kariba Dam

Describe the politics in Zambia (and how it influences development)

Zambia has good governance - one of Southern Africa’s most politically stable countries

Allows TNCs to operate in the country

Large infrastructure project - Kariba Dam

Encouraged education

However, the country has an over-reliance on the copper trade and has borrowed money form IMF = debt

Describe Zambia’s progress post-independence. (from 1970 onwards)

1970 - Global price of copper falls = Zambia has to borrow money to develop

1975 - Kariba dam starts to generate hydro-electric power for Zambia = boosts the copper industry

1980 - HIV/AIDS breakout = increased death rates and decreased life expectancy

1990 - Zambia’s debt is now very high , food becomes expensive and there are riots

2000 - Global price of copper starts to rise = boosts their economy

2006 - IMF cancels Zambia’s debt = enabling the government to reinvest more on services like education and healthcare

2010 - Zambia begins to develop new industries like tourism, farming and hydro-electric power to reduce it’s reliance on copper

What is the Rostov model?

Shows the stages of economic growth a country goes through to develop

Describe the stages of the model.

Stage 1 - Subsistence based - farming, fishing, little trade

Stage 2 - Manufacturing starts to develop, infrastructure is built

Stage 3 - Rapid intensive growth , large scale industrialisation , increasing wealth

Stage 4 - Economy grows = more people get wealthier = standards of living rise = widespread use of technology

Stage 5 - Lots of trade . High levels of consumption as people are wealthy

What stage is Zambia in?

Stage 3

What is Zambia in stage 3?

• has a high economic growth rate of 6.8%

• Has attracted Chinese investment - the Kariba dam

• Established a manufacturing economy

What are the arguments for that the Rostow model is useful in allowing us to determine Zambia’s path of economic development?

- simple graph to use

- easy to compare more than one country to the graph

What are the arguments against that the Rostow model is useful in allowing us to determine Zambia’s path of economic development?

- based on the development of AC countries (a bit Eurocentric so does not apply to all countries, particularly those in Asia and Africa)

- no specific timeframe given - we do not know which year countries passed through each stage

What are the 8 Millennium Development Goals?

In 2000, world leaders from 189 countries agreed and signed the Millennium Declaration - committing their governments to 8 Millennium Development Goals

What are the 3 main goals for Zambia?

• Goal 1 - eradicate hunger and poverty

• Goal 2 - achieve universal primary education

• Goal 3 - Promote gender equality

Describe Zambia’s progress towards Goal 1.

Aim was to half the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 / day

Some progress has been made towards goal 1 as poverty has decreased, but not by half.

In 1990, the % of people living in poverty was 57% and this decreased to 41% in 2010.

Much of this success was in urban areas , like Lusaka, which saw greater reductions in poverty. However, poverty in rural areas is still a problem and Zambia remains one of the most unequal places in the world

Describe Zambia’s progress towards goal 2.

Aim was to ensure that by 2015 that all children go to primary schooling

Good progress has been made , with most children now attending. In 1990, only 80% of children attended primary school but this has now increased to 96%.

However the goal is yet to be made

Describe Zambia’s progress towards goal 3.

Aim was to eliminate gender disparity in primary education

Progress has been made as there is gender equality in primary education with equal enrolment figures for boys / girls .

However, more needs to be done in secondary schooling and universities to achieve gender equality in education.

Bottom-up approaches like room to read are effective - but these schemes are only small-scale