Physio final old questions PUM 2nd year | Quizlet

Which phenomena will be observed in effect of constriction of afferent arteriole ?

effective filtration pressure in glomerular capillaries, plasma flow and GFR will decrease

In which situations the load of creatinine in ultrafiltrate (GFRcr) will

increase

increase in creatinine plasma concentration and increase of GFR volume

driving force that enables reabsorption of most substances from tubules

Na+ transport

reason of the respiratory alkalosis is

excessive CO2 loss due to hyperventilation

In respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys compensate by

excreting bicarbonate (HCO3)

possible reasons for hyperventilation are

anxiety, fever, high altitude

In respiratory alkalosis, bicarbonate levels are typically

low or normal

renal clearance of a substance is measured in

ml/min

Effects of aldosterone

Excretes K and retains Na (indirectly promoting water retention)

used to determine volume of plasma filtered in glomerulus

inulin (and also creatinine)

Tmax of glucose equals

0mg/min

Renal threshold for glucose

180mg/dl

metabolic acidosis is compensated when

pCO2 < 40mmHg

respiratory acidosis is compensated when

HCO3 >24mEq/L

metabolic alkalosis is compensated when

Pco2 > 40 mmHg

respiratory alkalosis is compensated when

HCO3 < 24mEq/L

parts of nephron tubules that are highly permeable to solutes and

water

proximal convoluted and late distal convoluted tubule

neurons of respiratory complex of brain are located in

medulla oblongata and Pons

inhibit inspiration & stimulate expiration

slowly adapting receptors

NTS receives input from chemoreceptors via sensory branches of

glossopharyngeal and Vagus

Inspiratory neurons of DRG project excitatory firing via a-motorneurons to

diaphragm and external intercostals

pressure gradient between the alveolar pressure and the

pleural pressure

trans pulmonary pressure (its about 200ml/cm H2O)

transpulmonary pressure is proportionate to

airway resistance (AWR)

represents the pressure difference that keeps the lungs inflated against their natural elastic recoil

trans pulmonary pressure

the greater the gradient of transpulmonary pressure in time of inspiration the lower is the

compliance of lung

physiological activities of thyroid peroxidase

ionisation of tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin, condensation of MIT/DIT of thyroglobulin, oxidation of iodide to iodine in the apical membrane of the follicular cell

Activity of calcium ATP-ase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is proportionate to plasma levels of

thyroid hormone

THs upregulate number of

beta andrenergic receptors (and their ligand affinity)

gastrin stimulates

motility of stomach/intestines, mucosa growth of stomach/intestine

entero-gastric reflexes, signals from the colon and small intestine

slow emptying of stomach

slow wave-like change of the resting membrane potential approximately 15mV. It

facilitates formation of spike potentials which in turn excite smooth musculature to contract

BER

intensifies intestinal peristalsis mediated by

muscarinic receptors

parasympathetic system

musacrinic receptors are coupled to

G-protein (heterometric)

sodium channels by acetylcholine

ionotropic (nicotinic) receptor

except for M2 and M4 muscarinic receptor, all other classes are coupled to

phospholipase C

abundantly distributed in neurolemma of dendrites and bodies of neurons

ionotropic receptors

ionotropic receptors that produce ISPS by direct opening of cationic channels

GABAa, GABAc, glycine receptors

nvolve both cAMP and IP₃ pathways

adrenergic receptors

adrenergic receptors are embedded in cellular membranes of

smooth/cardiac muscle and some endocrine glands

linked to phospholipase C, its activation produces

vasoconstriction and contraction of gastrointestinal & urinary sphincters

a1 adrenergic receptor

functions of Turck solution

dilute blood, stain leukocyte organelles, hemolysis of erythrocytes,

serca pump location

sarcoplasmic reticulum

has receptor sites for binding K+ ions on the portion that protrudes to the

outside of the cell

NA/K ATPase

specific to intercalated cells of the late distal convoluted and cortical collective

ducts of the kidney

H+ pump

Ca2+ -ATPase of the cardiomyocyte pumps calcium

against concentration gradient from cytosol to interstitium

characterise with electrical synapses called gap junctions

visceral smooth muscle

Unitary (splanchnic) smooth mucles characterise with BER (slow wave) in

Cajal cells

dominant in intestine & uterus

unitary smooth muscle

proteins of muscles that are able to bind calcium ion

troponin and calmodulin

It is generated in time of depolarization of the interventricular septum

Q wave

Q wave should not be seen in

V1 and V2

when after P wave Q wave should start

not less than 0,1s

Q wave shouldn't exceed

0,04 sec

Depth of the Q wave should not exceed 25% of the amplitude of

R wave of chest leads over ventricle

QT interval represents

ventricle de and repolarization (about 0,4sec)

Q wave should not be longer than

1mm (in 25mm/s) or 2mm (in 50mm/s)

order of dorsal column pathway

1. dorsal root ganglion 2. neurons in nucleus gracilis/cutaneous 3. Neurons in ventral posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus 4. neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

medial lemniscal system is found in dorsal column and carries

sensation, touch and pressure

pain/temperature sensation is conducted through

lateral spinothalamic tract

pain sensation can be modulated (inhibited) by SG neurons of

posterior horn

Slow pain is carried by

unmyelinated type C fibers

fast pain is carried by

A-delta fibers

IC + ERV equals

VC

IRV+TV equals

IC

Peripheral tissue edema can develop in effect of

increased permeability of capillary endothelium and venous pressure; decreased plasma proteins and lymph flow,

it is proportionate to BSA (body surface area)

basal metabolic rate

BMR is higher in

men

Voltage gated ionic channels of the neuron are usually densely distributed in cellular membrane of:

axon hillock, neural axons, axon terminal, ranvier nodes

produces Increased pumping of protons from parietal cells of the gastric glands and pupil constriction

parasympathetic system

parasympathetic

system does NOT use adrenergic receptors, all responses are mediated by

musacrinic receptors

Stiffness of muscles (such as observed after exhausting exercise or after death - rigor mortis) are observed in some in skeletal muscles due to:

ATP, phosphocreatine depletion; release of calcium ions (form cross bridges between filaments shortening muscle)

farsightedness is

hyperopia which is corrected with convex lens (increased focal length, eye ball to short)

nearsightedness is

myopia which is corrected with biconcave lens (decreased focal length, eye ball to long)

Resting potential of standard neuron

-70 mV (

resting potential is primarily determined by

K+ leakage and Na+/K pump

only immunoglobulin that can pass through placenta

IgG

binding site numbers of IgG and IgM

IgG: 10; IgG: 2

more soluable than IgM

IgG

produced by organic solvents and detergents (soaps, etc.) and also occurs in distilled water

hemolysis

hemolysis starts at which saline concentration

0,48%

All preganglionic sympathetic AND parasympathetic fibers

are

choligernic

Autonomic synapses in para/prevertebral gangli is only characteristic to

sympathetic nervous system

glucose is reabsorbed in PCT mostly via

secondary active transport by SGLT (sodium dependent glucose transporter)

distributes forces of contractions and skeletal muscle tone, controls balance and body posture, helps plan and control voluntary movement

cerebellum

cerebellum receives input via

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in responce to increased tubular load

glomerulotubular balance (helps to prevent overloading of the distal tubular segments when GFR increases)

phenomenon maintained by the macula densa of the juxtagolmerular apperatus

tubuloglomerular feedback

begins after mitral valve closes

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

begins after semilunar valves open

ejection phase

cardiac output equals

SV x HR

strength of ventricular contraction is proportionate to

end diastolic volume

antagonists of the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-blockers)

decrease strength of ventricular contraction

strength of ventricular ejection is proportionate to the cardiac rate

treppe phenomenon

S2 frequency

50Hz

S2 is best heard in

2 ICS

S1 is best heard in

5 and 4 ICS

shorter and higher in pitch than the sound generated by atrioventricular valves

S2

right LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) is specific thalamic nucleus entered by visual input from

nasal half of left retina and temporal half of right retina

function of functional residual capacity is to stabilise

composition, temperature and humidity of air

in lungs during even quite intensive breathing

FRC cannot be asseses by spirometry due to the fact that it is composed o

ERV and RV