Upper Respiratory System

What are the 2 main components of the respiratory system?

• Upper respiratory system

• Lower respiratory system

What organs are in the upper respiratory system (5) #0097ff

• Nose

• Nasal cavity #fd8900

• Nasopharnyx #ffce02

• Larynx #00b837

• Trachea #00d7ea

What are the organs in the lower respiratory system?

• Bronchus

• Bronchioles

• Lungs

Nose

• Location

• What are nostrils

  • Lead to

• What are the 2 parts of the muzzle (snout)

  • Each contain

  • Species difference

• In cat, dog, sheep and goat, the planum nasale is separated by?

Location:

• Rostral to eyes

• Dorsal to oral regions

What are nostrils: External nares (openings) of respiratory tube

• Lead to: Nasal passages

What are the 2 parts of the muzzle (snout):

• Skin around nares with hairs

  • Contain: Sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands

• Non-haired area

  • Contain: Eccrine sweat glands

  • Species difference:

    • Planum nasale: cat dog, sheep and goat

    • Planum rostrale: pig

    • Planum nasolabiale: cattle

In cat, dog, sheep and goat, the planum nasale is separated by: Philtrum

Nose: Bone & Cartilage

• Lateral wall of bony portion is formed by

• Roof is formed by

• Bony nasal aperture forms

  • Bounded rostrally by

    • How is it the movable portion of nose

• Movable part of nose ends in

• What are 4 cartilages of the nose

  • Which is paired and which is not?

Lateral wall of bony portion is formed by:

• Incisive bone

• Maxillae bone

Roof is formed by: Paired nasal bones

Bony nasal aperture forms: Largest opening into skull

• Bounded rostrally by: Nasal cartilages

  • How is it the movable portion of nose: Contains ligaments

Movable part of nose ends in: Truncated apex

What are 4 cartilages of the nose:

• Paired:

  • Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage

  • Ventral lateral nasal cartilage

  • Accessory cartilages

• Unpaired: Cartilaginous septum

Nasal Cavity #fd8900

Location

• Location of choana

• Marks the boundary between

Nasal cavity separated into

• By

  • Which part of septum is cartilaginous

  • Caudal part is created in

How is it separated from nasal cavity

Location: Between nostrils and choana

• Location of choana: Caudal end of hard palate

• Marks the boundary between: Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

Nasal cavity separated into: Left and right cavities

• By: Median nasal septum

  • Which part of septum is cartilaginous: Rostral part

  • Caudal part is created by: Osseus septum (plate of bone)

How is it separated from nasal cavity: By hard and soft palate

Nasal Cavity: Name the structures

• What is *

• What is 1

• What is 2

• What is 7

*: Choana

1: Hard palate

2: Nasopharynx

7: Soft palate

Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae #fd8900

• What

• Covered with

  • Function

• Arises from

• 4 Types

  • Which fill the middle portion

  • Which fill the caudal parts

• Which are the major two

• Which one has the olfactory epithelium

  • Contains what

  • Function

What: Cartilaginous or ossified scrolls

Covered with: Vascular mucous membrane

• Function: Warms and humidify inspired air

Arises from: Bones of lateral wall

4 Types:

• Dorsal: middle portion

• Ventral: middle portion

• Middle: middle portion

• Ethmoidal: caudal parts

Major 2 conchae: Dorsal and ventral

Which one has the olfactory epithelium: Ethmoidal conchae (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

• Contains what: Sensory endings of olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

• Function: Mediates the sense of smell

Nasal Cavity: Conchae

• Label the diagram 1-10

• 1: Nasopharynx

• 2: Ethmoidal conchae

• 3: Middle nasal concha

• 4: Dorsal nasal concha

• 5: Ventral nasal concha

• 6: Middle meatus (passageways)

• 7: Ventral meatus (passageways)

• 8: Nostrils

• 9: Hard palate

• 10: Soft palate

Nasal Cavity: Nasal Meatuses

• What are the 4 nasal meatuses

  • Their locations

Dorsal Nasal Meatus:

• Location: Between the dorsal conchae and roof of nasal cavity

Middle Nasal Meatus:

• Location: Between dorsal and ventral conchae

Common Nasal Meatus: (communicates between the others)

• Location: Adjacent to nasal spetum

Ventral Nasal Meatus:

• Location: Between ventral conchae and floor of nasal cavity

Nasal Cavity: Paranasal Sinuses

• What

• Communicates with

• Functions

• What are the 6 paranasal sinues

What: Air-filled spaces lined with mucosa

Communicaties with: Nasal cavity

Functions:

• Resonating (voice)

• Insulation

• Cooling of the brain

• Light weight skull construction

6 paranasal sinuses:

• Maxillary sinus #ffd100

• Frontal sinus

• Palatine sinus

• Sphenoid sinus #00c52c

• Lacrimal sinus

• Dorsal conchal sinus #9000ff

Nasal Cavity: Paranasal Sinuses Absence

• Which paranasal sinus is absent in carnivores and pigs

• Which paranasal sinus is absent in dog and small ruminant

Which paranasal sinus is absent in carnivores and pigs: Palatine sinus

Which paranasal sinus is absent in dog and small ruminant: Sphenoid sinus

Nasal Cavity: Paranasal Sinuses Presence

• Which 2 paranasal sinus is present in pig and ruminant

Which 2 paranasal sinus is present in pig and ruminant:

• Lacrimal sinus

• Dorsal conchal sinus

Nasal Cavity: Paranasal Sinuses

• Which paranasal sinuse is present in all animals?

Frontal sinus

Nasal Cavity: Paranasal Sinuses

• Label the diagram a-g

A: Maxillary sinus #ffd100

B: Palatine sinus

C: Lacrimal sinus

D: Conchal sinus #9000ff

E: Sphenoid sinus #00c52c

F: Lateral rosatral frontal sinus

G: Caudal frontal sinus

Nasal Cavity: Paranasal Sinuses

• Label the diagram a-h

A: Maxillary sinus #ffd100

B: Palatine sinus

C: Lacrimal sinus

D: Conchal sinus #9000ff

E: Sphenoid sinus #00c52c

F: Lateral rostral frontal sinus

G: Caudal frontal sinus

H: Medial rostral frontal sinus

Pharynx #ffce02

• What

• Function

• Divide into 3 regions

What: Muscular tube that connects the oral cavity to the trachea and esophagus

Function: Act as a passageway for air and food

Divide into 3 regions:

• Nasopharynx

• Laryngopharynx

• Oropharynx

Pharynx: Nasopharynx #ffce02

• Part of

• Location

  • Extends from and to

• Passage for

• Shape of the roof of nasopharynx

Part of: Respiratory channel

Location: Lies dorsal to the soft palate

• Extends: From the choana to the intrapharyngeal opening

Passage for: Air only

Shape of the roof of nasopharynx: Concave

Pharynx: Laryngopharnx #ffce02

• Passage for

• What

• Extends from and to

• Becomes continuous with

Passage for: Air and food

What: Caudal continuation of oropharynx

Extends: From the base of epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage of larynx

Becomes continuous with: Esophagus

Pharynx:

• Label the diagram A-L

A: Nasal cavity

B: Hard palate

C: Oropharynx

D: Oral cavity

E: Tongue
F: Soft palate

G: Epiglotiss

H: Laryngopharynx

I: Trachea

J: Larynx

K: Oesphagus

L: Nasopharynx

Larynx #00b837

• What

• Connects

• Consist of

• Lined with

• How are the cartilages connected to each other, the hyoid bond and trachea

• What are the 4 laryngeal cartilages

What: Short cartilaginous tube

Connects: Pharynx with trachea

Consist of: Several cartilages

Lined with: Mucous membrane (stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium)

How are the cartilages connected to each other, the hyoid bond and trachea: By ligaments and muscles

4 laryngeal cartilages:

• Epiglottic cartilage

• Thyroid cartilage

• Cricoid cartilage

• Arytenoid cartilage (paired)

Larynx: Position during Breathing

• Which end of the larynx is related to soft palate

• During normal breathing, the larynx forms what

• What happens to the oropharynx during nasal breathing

• Where does the epiglottis project during nasal breathing

Which end of the larynx is related to soft palate: Rostral end

During normal breathing, the larynx forms what: Direct continuation of nasopharynx

What happens to the oropharynx during nasal breathing:

• Nasopharynx is dilated

• Soft palate lies against roof of tongue causing the oropharynx to close

Where does the epiglottis project during nasal breathing: Through the intrapharyngeal ostium into the nasopharynx

Trachea

• Location

• Consist of

  • Connected by

    • Which allows

• Collapsible or non-collapsible

• Tracheal cartilages are open

• Dorsal surface is connected by

• Covered with

• Lined with

Location: Extends from the cricoid cartilage of larynx to its bifurcation

Consist of: C-shaped hyaline cartilages

• Connected by: Annular ligaments

  • Which allows: Flexibility

Collapsible or non-collapsible: Non-collapsible

Tracheal cartilages are open: Dorsally

Dorsal surface is connected by: Transverse tracheal muscle

Covered with: Adventitia

Lined with: Mucous membrane

Trachea

• Label a-e

A: Mucous membrane

B: Tracheal cartilage

C: Trachealis muscle

D: Adventitia

E: Loose connective tissue

Trachea: Species Differences

• Label the species a-g

A: Cat

B: Dog

C: Pig

D: Cattle

E: Goat

F: Sheep

G: Horse