chemistry final (organic and sustainability)

suputabrga

Sustainability

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the future generation’s needs.

Principals of sustainability (3)

Biodiversity, solar power and biogeochemical cycle (nutrient recycling)

Biodiversity

Refers to the existance and interaction of organisms and natural systems. Necessary to sustain life

Solar power

The sun warms Earth and allows photosynthesis, a process in which plants generate their own food. Most living organisms depend on plants and their products.

Biogeochemical cycle (nutrient recycling)

Constant nutrient exchange between the environment to organisms and back to the environment

Replacement Rate

rate that the renewable resources use to replenish the used resources

3 main spheres of sustainability

environmental, social and economic

between social sphere and environmental sphere

bearable

between the social sphere and the economic sphere

equitable

between the economic and the environmental spheres

viable

3 factors why the population has grown exponentially (in the last 200 years)

Agriculture, extension to all areas and climates, decreased mortality rate

biocapacity

ability of the planet to provide useful resources and to absrorb human generated waste

R’s of sustainability

Reduce, reuse and recycle

Reduce

Avoid all unnecessary wate

Recycle

Collect and treat waste to convert it into new products

Reuse

Give waste another use

Greenhouse effect

warm blanket made out of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that keep earth from freezing

Types of waste

municipal, hazardous and special

Municipal waste

everyday objects that we throw away

Hazardous waste

has at least one cretib feature

CRETIB

Corrosive, Reactive, Explosive, Toxic, Inflammable, Biologic

special waste

generated in the production of goods and services, does not have any cretib feature

Shredding and grinding

Food waste is grinded and shredded and sent to the drainage

Compost

organic waste is broken down and turned into nutrients for agriculture

Incineration

combustible waste is reduced up to 95%. Requires filters to prevent polllution.

Open dumps

Garbage is dumped far away from the city, regardless risks in health and the environment

Landfill

Concentrates waste without endangering health or environment. Waste is covered in soil to prevent leakage.

organic waste

green

inorganic waste

gray

paper

yellow

plastic

dark blue

metal

clear blue

glass

turquoise

wood

brow

fabric

pink

Organic compound bonds are always

covalent

Exceptions of inorganic compounds that have carbon (9)

Diamond, graphite, cyanides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, silver, salt, carbon salts (NaCo, CaCo), carbides

inorganic compounds

do not have carbon

organic compounds

have carbon

Carbon is usually linked to

N,O,H

chemical compositon of ORGANIC

CHNO

chemical composition of INORGANIC

does not have C

Bonding of ORGANIC

covalent

bonding of INORGANIC

Ionic, metallic, covalent

Melting and boiling point of ORGANIC

low

Melting ad boiling point of INORGANIC

high

Electrical conductivity of ORGANIC

poor

Electric conductivity of INORGANIC

elevated

Combustibility of ORGANIC

high

Combustibility of INORGANIC

low

Volatility of ORGANIC

high

Volatility of INORGANIC

low

Isomerism of ORGANIC

yes

Isomerism for INORGANIC

NO

Solubility of ORGANIC

Soluble in organic solvents

Solubility of INORGANIC

Water soluble

Density of ORGANIC

less dense than water

Density of INORGANIC

denser than water

Hybridization

mixing of atomic orbitals to form a set of hybridized orbital

Hybrid orbital

orbital obtained from the combination of two non equivalent orbitals

s + p

sp, sp

s + p + p

sp2, sp2, sp2

s + p + p + p

sp3, sp3, sp3, sp3

Hybrid orbitals form ____ bonds

Hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds

Non-hybrid orbitals form ____ bonds

Non-hybrid orbitals form pi bonds

Number of bonds of sp3

one

number of bonds of sp2

double bond

number of bonds of sp

triple bond

sigma/pi bonds for sp3

4 sigma

sigma/pi bonds of sp2

3 sigma 1 pi

sigma/pi bonds of sp

2 sigma 2 pi

The number of hybrid orbitals is the same as the number of sigma bonds (True or false)

True

Angle and shape of sp3

109.5°, tetrahedral

Angle and shape of sp2

120°, trigonal planar

Angle and shape of sp

180°, linear

aliphatic

open chains

cyclic

closed chains

alicyclic

NO conjugated double bonds

aromatic

conjugated double bonds

Linear (ONLY FOR ALIPHATIC)

no branches

Simple (ONLY FOR CYCLIC)

no branches

Homocyclic (ONLY FOR CYCLIC)

only carbon element in the compound

Heterocyclic (ONLY FOR CYCLIC)

Other elements present (O,N,Cl,Br,I, etc)

Branched

has branches

saturated

only single bonds in the molecule

unsaturated

double or triple bond present in the molecule

hydrocarbon

compound made of hydrogen and carbon

Functional group

group of atoms responsible for the chemical behaviour of a molecule

Hydrocarbons are naturally obtained from ____

Hydrocarbons are naturally obtained from petroleum

Petroleum components are separated through

fractional distillation

Petroleum is found in solid liquid and gas? (true/false)

true

Petroleum has 50-60 hydrocarbons

yes

Alkanes are also called

Alkanes are also called paraffins

Paraffin (alkane) means

lack of reactivity

Alkanes are (saturated/unsaturated, sp/sp2/sp3)

saturated sp3

General Formula of alkanes

CnH2n+2

Alkyl groups are (stable/unstable) compounds

alkyl groups are unstable compounds

alkanes are soluble in

organic solvents (insoluble in water)

+carbons

Higher m/b points, less solubility, higher density

+branches

lower m/b points, higher density