Section B: The Changing Economic World

all from megabook

1.1: How can different parts of the world be classified according to their level of economic development and quality of life?

• HICs have higher gross national incomes than LICs

• UK's (HIC) GNI/head is $55k, Brazil (LIC and NEE) US$17k

• Quality of life is hard to measure. Involves shelter, safety and access to sufficient food and fresh water

• Poorest countries, like in sub-Saharan Africa, quality of life is reduced by lack of sufficient food and fresh water, linked to having lower GNI per head

1.2: List the measurements of development

• Gross national income (GNI) per head

• Birth and death rate

• infant mortality rate

• life expectancy

• people per doctor

• literacy rate

• access to safe water

• human development index

1.2: Can you explain measures of development?

• Gross national income (GNI) per head

• Birth and death rate

• Gross national income (GNI) per head: total value of goods and services produced by country + money earned from, and paid to, other countries. Per head or capita of the pop. higher = more developed country

• Birth rate: number of births in a country, per year per 1k people

• Death rate: number of deaths in a country, per year per 1k people

1.2: Why is BR and DR in UK the way it is? Comparing more to less developed countries?

• BR 11 DR 10 = natural pop increase because BR is higher than DR

• More developed countries, women have to better access to education and pursue a career = more likely to marry later and have less children as a result

• Less developed countries, medical care is more basic and more people die from diseases = DR is higher as a result

1.2: Can you explain measures of development?

• Infant mortality rate

• Life expectancy

• Literacy rate

• Infant mortality rate: Number of babies who die, per 1,000 live births per year. UK - 4, Brazil - 12

• Life expectancy: Average number of years people live to in a country. UK - 80, Brazil - 73

• Literacy rate: % who can read and write in a country. UK - 99%, Brazil - 94%

1.2: Can you explain measures of development?

• Access to safe water

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Access to safe water: % of people with access to safe drinking water in a country. UK - 100%, Brazil - 98%. Nigeria - 70%

• Human Development Index (HDI): Combined measure of development, providing a number 0-1 from 3 indicators: Life expectancy, Number of years of education, GNI per head

• UK 0.929, Brazil 0.76, Nigeria 0.535

1.3: Can you give some limitations of economic and social measures of development?

• Economic measures of development (GNI per head) only give average figure for country, not whole picture. Wealth may be concentrated in a few powerful people. GNI can become out of date

• Social measures of development (infant mortality rate) may be unreliable if true level is mis-reported by the country. Some govs are corrupt and report false info

2.1: Can you explain the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

• purpose

• graph to show how changing BR/DR affect country's pop over time. A lot of countries have similar patterns of pop change over time, so Geographers made the DTM to explain this.

• Blue line = birth rate

• Red line = death rate

• Black line = total population

2.2: Can you explain the link between DTM stage and the level of development in a country?

• stage 1 e.g

• Rainforest tribes. In places like Amazon, small groups like Kayapo Tribe live separately with little contact with outside world. High BR and DR due to lack of contraception and little medical care

2.2: Can you explain the link between DTM stage and the level of development in a country?

• stage 2 e.g

• Afghanistan. BR is 36, DR 7. 73% live in rural areas, many working on the land. Need children to support them on farms and tending livestock

2.2: Can you explain the link between DTM stage and the level of development in a country?

• stage 3 e.g

• Brazil. BR fairly high (13) but is an NEE (newly emerging economy) experiencing economic growth

• BR is falling as 87% live in urban areas like Rio and Sao Paulo where there’s good access to contraception. DR - 8

2.2: Can you explain the link between DTM stage and the level of development in a country?

• stage 4 e.g

• UK. Good quality health care = DR low (10). Women have small families, study and follow careers before having family = low BR (11)

• BR slightly higher than death rate, = small rate of natural pop growth

• Also boosted by immigration

2.2: Can you explain the link between DTM stage and the level of development in a country?

• stage 5 e.g

• Germany - well developed, population decline as DR exceeds BR. BR (9), one of lowest in world. Many women have careers and delay children, and have only 1 or 2 if they do start a family.

• Ageing pop, DR (12) is set to rise

3.1: Can you explain some physical causes of uneven development?

• Tough farming conditions: difficult for subsistence farmers to grow food to survive from poor soils or insufficient rain (aims to grow enough for family)

• Natural resource availability: abundance of natural resources, Saudi Arabia -largest stocks of oil. Other countries have few

• Natural disasters and extreme weather: Tropical storms, floods, droughts, earthquakes hold development as damage repair is costly

• Climate-related disease: Tropical Africa, South America and Asia have more of these and pests than cooler parts. Mosquitos spread malaria, disease that stops people from work

• Landlocked countries: only bordered by land, no access to seas, cut off from ocean trade (important for economic growth). Africa has the most

3.1: Can you explain some economical causes of uneven development?

• Unfair trade: North America, Europe dominate world trade. Asia trading importance grows due to China, India. Mostly between rich countries. Pay little as possible for raw materials/minerals, many from LICs. More supply than demand = low prices. TNCs hold unfair power in trade. Many NEEs (Brazil) are developing manufacturing industries to boost export earnings

• Few crops: Poor countries rely on selling 1 or 2 cash crops (or primary products) to others, like bananas, cocoa beans and coffee beans. Risky as prices fluctuate and yields can be low.

3.1: Can you explain some historical causes of uneven development?

• Colonisation: forced taking over of another country for its people and/or resources. Started 1400, European explorers set to control new territories, seeking mineral wealth (gold)

• 1650-1900, 10+ mill transported from Africa to N.America, work as slaves on plantations. Almost all wealth produced went to European powers

• End of 19th century Africa and parts of S.America and Asia, divided up between European superpowers

• Countries like UK, Germany, Spain and France had powerful empires and colonies.

• Since 1950 former European colonies have gained independence.

3.2: Can you explain consequences of uneven development?

• Disparities in wealth and health: most developed countries = greatest wealth. 2014 fastest growth was in N.America, holds 35% of total global wealth and is the most important 'economic engine of growth'

• Africa holds 1%. LICs are unable to invest in good-quality health care = Malaria/ other infectious diseases more common =More children under 15 die

• International migration: move from one country to another to improve quality of their life.

• Last few years hundreds of thousands of refugees fled home in Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq for a better life in Europe. Germany, Italy, France and UK have long histories of receiving them

4.1: Can you explain investment to reduce the development gap?

• Many TNCs and countries invest money/expertise in LICs to boost their profits. (China and USA have several business and trading links with Africa)

• China is Africa’s most important trading partner. 2k+ Chinese companies invested in energy, mining, construction and manufacturing

• Led to new roads, bridges, stadiums and other projects all over Africa. Helped build biggest shopping mall in sub-Saharan Africa (Nairobi, capital of Kenya), and train lines across east Africa.

• End of 2018, invested $60 bill

• Many benefits, but maybe exploiting resources to benefit China's own economy OR aiming to shift its labour-intensive industries to Africa

4.1: Can you explain industrial development to reduce the development gap?

• building factories = employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure.

• Countries like Brazil focussed on industrial development, like automotive industry, to boost overall development level. Investment and industrial development can bring about multiplier effect

4.1: Can you explain aid to reduce the development gap?

• Country or NGO (oxfam) donates resources to country to develop or improve lives. E.g Money, emergency supplies (tent), tech (tools) and skills (special skills like doctors and engineers)

• Lets countries invest in development projects like roads, electricity and water management = long-term benefits

4.1: Types of Aid

• Short-term aid: emergency response, e.g natural disaster

• Long-term aid: improve quality of life over time, e.g helping build schools, improving water supplies, help with farming

• Tied aid: money given with conditions, e.g recipient must spend it on donor countries products

• Bilateral aid: from one country to another, often tied

• Multilateral aid: involving several countries. Richer govs give money to international organisation like United Nations or World Bank, which help poorer countries

• Voluntary aid: money donated by general public, usually in richer countries, then donated by NGOs like Oxfam

4.1: Aid from the UK

• UK gov, target every year to give 0.7% of GNI as foreign aid

• 2015, £2 bill. 40%+ of budget went to multilateral organisations, like UN, who fund disaster relief

• Remaining 60% directly to developing countries

• UK's Department for International Development says biggest regional beneficiary is Africa, £2.54bn in 2016.

• Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Syria, each given £200m+.

• Pakistan £374m 2015, more than any of the country. Mainly went to social welfare, education and healthcare

• Syria £258m 2015 to support "humanitarian and development responses to conflict"

4.1: Goat aid from oxfam

• Project to help families in Africa e.g Malawi. Money donated is used to buy a family a goat

• Food, milk, butter and meat source, manure = crop fertiliser

• Milk sold as income to pay for food and education

• Goats bred easily and kids sold at market or given to other families

• Improves quality of life and raises development

4.1: Can you explain intermediate technology to reduce the development gap?

• Small-scale, sustainable aid projects suitable for needs and skills of a local pop in a LIC

• Involves agriculture (farming), water or health

• Ethiopia - dam project helped village of Adis Nifas. 15m high built to make reservoir close to farming fields.

• Appropriate machinery provided by NGO and villagers provided labour.

• Local stone and sand used to build. Water from reservoir used to irrigate (water) farm crops = therefore boost local food supplies.

4.1: Can you explain fair trade to reduce the development gap?

• International movement - Fair Trade logo = farmer in LIC gets more money from sale of their crops

• Improves quality of life for ordinary farmers that will have money to spend on housing and education for their kids.

• In return must farm in environmentally-friendly ways.

• Common products are bananas, coffee beans, tea bags, and chocolate bars from cocoa beans

4.1: Can you explain debt relief to reduce the development gap?

• Many of poorest countries built up debts to rich ones since 70s. Money was borrowed to develop industry and infrastructure

• Led to debt crisis with worst affected countries called HIPCs (highly indebted poor countries). Most in Africa

• 2005, G8 group of world's richest countries cancelled debts if the poorer spent saved debt money on education and health care projects

• Despite this, African countries still have debts of over $300 bill

4.1: Can you explain microfinance loans to reduce the development gap?

• Microfinance = small-scale loans from banks to help poor communities

• Let individuals/families start small business, and be self-sufficient.

• Many borrowers are women. E.g, Grameen Bank in Bangladesh lends $200 to village women to buy a phone.

• Villagers pay to use phones. Loan is repaid and borrower make small profit.

• Phones help people check prices before taking crops to market, keep in touch with relatives that moved to the city, and receive health advice

4.2: CASE STUDY: Can you give details on how the growth of tourism in Jamaica, a LIC, helps to reduce the development gap?

1. Island in Caribbean. Pop 2.8 mill. Sunny. Tourists visit Kingston (capital) in SE. Famous beaches; Montego Bay and Ocho Rios on N coast, Negril on W coast.

2. Birth place of reggae music legend Bob Marley in 'Nine Mile' near centre. Bob Marley museum in Kingston.

3. Near Ocho Rios, popular attraction Dunn's River Falls waterfall, and Mystic Mountain forest has a bobsled ride.

4. Tourism is 30% of GDP (per capita $6k), provides 1/3 of jobs = reduces development gap towards being a HIC. Other industries: mining, crops (sugar), making rum

5. 3.3 million tourists 2022, 1+ mil from cruise ships, earned $3.7 bill, they spent $130/day on average.

6. Multiplier effect: Gov has more tax revenue’s for schools, hospitals, and key infrastructure like roads

7. People have more money to improve quality of life. Most development on north coast, wealthy Jamaicans enjoy high living standard.

4.2: CASE STUDY: Issues and solutions in Jamaica?

1. Many live in low-quality housing + Mass tourism led to environmental problems

2. New water treatment plant at Logwood in west reduces waste water pollution from hotels heading into sea.

3. Negril Marine Nature Park maintains biodiversity

4. Small-scale 'ecotourism' guest houses, employing local guides, promote low-impact ecotourism and provide more income for locals.

5.1: Brazil is a LIC and NEE. Can you explain the location and importance of Brazil regionally and globally?

• 5th biggest country and biggest country in South America. Capital is Brasilia.

• South America has 12 countries, Brazil shares border with 10.

• Brazil’s Eastern coastline is next to Atlantic Ocean.

• Sao Paulo is most populous city in western and Southern Hemisphere and largest Portuguese-speaking city in world. 12 mill = megacity

• Rio de Janeiro - second largest city in Brazil, 7 mill.

• Brazil hosted men’s FIFA World Cup 2014 and 1950, has won 5 times, more than any country. Brazil is only team to have played in every event since it started in 1930.

• Brazil hosted Summer Olympics 2016.

• Amazon Rainforest is largest in world at 5,500,000 square km. 60% in Brazil

5.2: Can you explain the wider political context within which Brazil is placed?

• South America's most influential country, rising economic power and one of the biggest democracies. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), group of 5 major emerging national economies.

5.2: Can you explain the wider social context within which Brazil is placed?

• Large population of 215 mill = fifth most populated country. Portuguese language as Portugal colonised Brazil 1500. Diverse pop, indigenous Americans and descendants of African slaves and European settlers. Last few years it made strides in efforts to raise mills out of poverty, although gap between rich/poor remains wide.

5.2: Can you explain the wider cultural context within which Brazil is placed?

• World's most successful country at FIFA World Cup. Rio Carnival is the biggest street carnival, 2 million people per day for 6 days every year in Feb or March. 2012, Rio was named a World Heritage Site by Unesco for its blend of urban, coastal and mountainous landscapes.

5.2: Can you explain the wider environmental context within which Brazil is placed?

• Exploitation of Amazon is a concern as this vast it absorbs CO2. "The Lungs of the Earth". Helps with 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change to try ensure global warming doesn’t increase over 2C since 1850 (pre-industrial times)

5.3: Different sectors and definitions, % in UK from AQA Textbook

• Primary (2%) - taking things from land and sea. E.g. farmer, forest worker, fisherman

• Secondary (15%) - manufacturing or building things, often using raw materials from primary sector. E.g: furniture, cars.

• Tertiary (74%) - providing a service for others. E.g: teacher, dentist, hairdresser

• Quaternary (9%) - high-level research. E.g: new medicines and tech

5.3: Can you explain the changing balance between different sectors of the economy in Brazil? (the changing industrial structure)

• Brazil %

• Primary (10%) - Agriculture historically key part of economy. Largest exporter of coffee, soya beans, beef and crop-based ethanol

• Secondary (21%) - Diverse manufacturing industries; automobiles, steel, petrochemicals, computers, aircraft. VolksWagen - German TNC makes cars

• Tertiary (60%) - Sao Paolo known for banking, considered financial capital of Brazil. Brazil is a major tourist destination -2017, 6.6 mill = 5th most popular country to visit in the Americas after USA, Mexico, Canada and Argentina.

• Quaternary (no data) - Oil TNC Petrobras has HQ in Rio. Extracting oil from under sea is a primary industry, but researching the tech behind this is a high-tech quaternary industry.

THIS MEANS THAT: Fewer doing primary, more doing tertiary, compared to past. Both Brazil and UK, more than half pop has tertiary job

6.1: How has manufacturing stimulated economic development in Brazil?

• 21% jobs are in secondary sector, making products in factories

• 7th largest automotive producer and regional leader in S.America

• Vehicle TNCs take advantage of large labour force, available space for factories, and good transport links to import parts and export vehicles via Atlantic Ocean ports

• 215 mill = large local market to sell cars to (biggest pop of SA)

• South America has an estimated pop 420 mill = large regional market for car sales

• Car TNCs manufacturing in Brazil are VW and Toyota. 2016, 2+ mill vehicles produced.

• Most cars for Brazilian market run on petrol or ethanol fuel made from fermented sugar cane ('flex' cars)

6.1: How has manufacturing stimulated economic development in Brazil?

THIS MEANS THAT...

• Economic development is stimulated because manufacturing provides tens of thousands of jobs.

• Workers spend wages = trickle-down effect, spreading money through the Brazilian economy.

• Sales taxes are taken by the gov, as it has more money it can spend more on schools, hospitals and infrastructure projects like roads, water pipes and power stations.

6.2: TNC (Trans national companies) definition

• Large corporation or company which operates in several countries.

• Usually has headquarters in 1 country with production plants in several others

• Locate in foreign countries to take advantages of factors like: cheaper labour, access to a wider market, tax incentives.

6.2: What is the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development in Brazil?

• 2 e.g

Vale:

• Mining company, HQ in Rio, one of biggest producers of iron ore, used to make steel.

• Operates Carajas iron ore mine in Amazonia = deforestation of Amazon

• Although primary operations are in Brazil, has operations in 30 countries.

• Brazilian TNC = much of money earned abroad can return to Brazil. Profitable as there’s great worldwide demand for iron to make steel

Petrobras:

• Brazilian TNC - oil and natural gas industry. HQ in Rio.

• Controls significant oil and energy reserves in 16 countries in Africa, N+S.America, Europe, and Asia.

• Brazil represented 92% of Petrobras worldwide production in 2014

• Employs 68k and is partly owned by Brazilian gov. Profitable as there’s great worldwide demand for oil

6.3: What are the advantages of foreign TNCs operating in Brazil as the host country?

• Employment, develop new skills among pop

• More people employed = more money spent in economy = more tax revenue for gov = gov can invest in more schools, hospitals, better infrastructure like roads, bridges, railways and power stations.

• Case of VW, majority cars are sold in Brazil

• Other local companies benefit from more money in economy

• Valuable export revenues earned by host country

6.3: What are the disadvantages of foreign TNCs operating in Brazil as the host country?

• Management jobs often go to foreign employees brought in by the TNC

• Much of profit may go abroad to TNC's home country

• Local workers poorly paid and perhaps exploited

• Working conditions may be hard

• Work may be tedious, e.g working on an assembly line

6.3: VW in Brazil

• Volkswagen first looked to produce vehicles outside home nation after WW2

• German TNC chose automotive hub around Sao Paulo

• 1959 first VW factory built, Anchieta. Today, remains biggest car factory in Brazil, 1.6 mill square metres. VW's biggest factory outside Germany.

• Site is close to Port of Santos, to ship in parts. Steady supply of technical staff from local uns.

• 12k staff can produce 1.6k cars/day on the current 3 shifts - Produces several models including Polo

• made 20+ mill vehicles, 3 mill of which have been exported, this output driven by production at Anchieta

7.1: What are the changing political relationships between Brazil and the wider world?

Inter-gov relations:

• BRICS countries, economy of growing importance. Significant natural resources, and large pop (215 mill), = continued economic development, 9th largest GDP (UN data)

• Founding member of UN, among top 20 contributors to its peacekeeping operations, and likely to remain key figure.

• Member of G20 - annual meeting of govs from 19 countries, EU and AU, the largest advanced and emerging economies. Discusses policies to promote international financial stability

7.1: What are the changing trading relationships between Brazil and the wider world?

• Top exporter of beef, oranges and orange juice = profitable trading relationship with world.

• Exports growing - 2017, value $6.2 bill, 1.3 million tonnes of beef to Hong Kong, China, EU, Iran and Egypt

• Sao Paulo - largest exporter of beef, several cattle ranches in Amazonia on deforested land

• World's pop 9 bill 2050 = rising demand for food. Brazil's meatpackers see opportunity to keep exports growing and be one of the biggest food producers

• 1/3 oranges in the world is grown in a relatively small area in states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais

• 95% produce shipped abroad, mainly orange juice

• Brazil relies on external markets but exchange rate of real (R$) fluctuates = orange juice price go up/down

• Farmers concerned that orange juice demand is falling, in Europe many prefer drinks with less natural sugar

7.2: What types of international aid does Brazil benefit from and what are the impacts on Brazil as the receiving country?

• Bilateral aid from UK, 2017 gave €80 mill - Surprising as Brazil has 9th largest GDP

• Chancellor Philip Hammond (Conservative) said money was to reduce poverty (favelas), and boost economic development

• Also benefit’s UK as it leads to more trade and investment between them

• Critics said it's wrong to give aid to richer developing countries like Brazil

7.3: Can you explain some environmental impacts of economic development in Brazil?

• deforestation

• Deforestation of Amazon hit highest rate in decade, from official data

• 7,900 square km of largest rainforest destroyed August 2017-July 2018. 5x London

• Other reports suggest rate of deforestation is slowing compared to past, thanks to environment agency 'forest police' Ibama

• Top cause of deforestation remains cattle ranching for beef

7.3: Can you explain some environmental impacts of economic development in Brazil?

• HEP

• Belo Monte hydro-electric power dam is latest to be built in Amazon, one of the biggest civil engineering projects, $18bn

• When 18 turbines are fully operational, electricity-generating capacity will make it fourth largest dam

• Tribal groups and river dwellers against it

• Brazil's huge rivers = potential for 100 more HEP dam projects

7.3: Can you explain some environmental impacts of economic development in Brazil?

• Mining

• Mines in Brazil cater for growing demand for metals like steel = huge amounts of toxic waste produced

• Cheapest way to dispose is dumping-grounds, sealed with dam

• Jan 2019, one dam collapsed - hundreds dead and missing in Brumadinho town

7.3: Can you explain some environmental impacts of economic development in Brazil?

• Air pollution

• Cubatao (city in Sao Paulo state) had some of the worst air pollution from over 20 heavy industries

• Acid rain caused locals to have skin complaints

• Situation improved thanks to better filters on factory emissions

• Air quality remains poor - Sao Paulo and Rio due high traffic levels

7.3: Can you explain some environmental impacts of economic development in Brazil?

• Urban air and water pollution

• Rio hosted 2016 Olympic Games = attention to severe water pollution in Guanabara Bay

• Water teeming with dangerous viruses/bacteria, threatening athletes (sailors)

• Rio - image of rich, beautiful, but crowded hospitals show nightmare of its sanitation for people who live with urban pollution every day

• 1/3 of 10+ mill inhabitants of greater metropolitan area live in places with no connection to sewage system

• Half of city's waste is treated before entering waterways and eventually ocean

• Many rivers flowing through Rio's urban areas into Guanabara Bay were found biologically dead by scientists years ago and tonnes of raw sewage pour into sea every day

7.4: Can you explain the effects of economic development on quality of life in Brazil?

• inequalities in cities and amazon rainforest

• Great inequalities in society - Millions in crowded favelas, leads to high crime rate in cities like Sao Paulo

• Sao Paulo 400+ private helicopters transport super-rich people above the congestion below

• Ka'apor tribe live under siege from illegal loggers in Amazon - Confrontations led to deaths of 6 tribe members since 2008

7.4: Is Brazil a developed country - arguements?

• Largest economy in S.America (bigger than Argentina) and any countries in Central America (Mexico)

• GDP is $1.9 trillion. Life expectancy 73

But…

• GDP per capita ($9k) fairly low, less than $12k threshold to be HIC

• Low living standards for many in thousands of favelas

• High infant mortality rate (lack of access to clean water and health care for many)

• Life expectancy less than 80, the HIC avg

8.1: What are the current employment sector percentages in the UK?

• UK e.g of all sectors

• Primary (2%) - Extracting crude oil, natural gas from North Sea, Crop farming, Livestock, Fishing in North Sea, English Channel and Atlantic Ocean, Timber extraction at Kielder Forest (man-made in England)

• Secondary (15%) - mini car (owned by BMW) made at Cowley, near Oxford. Nissan has major factory in Sunderland, N England. Swiss TNC Nestle Kit-Kats at York factory

• Tertiary (74%) - Selling in shops (Westfield), Banking (Square Mile), Teacher, dentist, hairdresser

• Quaternary (9%) - Uni of Cambridge/Southampton Science Park. One of top countries for:

  • Aerospace: research, design, manufacturing of air/spacecraft. British TNC, BAE Systems is key player

  • Pharmaceuticals: medical drugs

8.1: Factories in the UK decreasing?

• Many factories closed due to more products being made overseas

• We import most clothes and textiles = largely “post-industrial landscape”

• Manufacturing that left UK was labour-intensive - needed lots of people, so wage bills were high

8.2: Can you list causes of economic change in the UK?

• De-industrialisation and the decline of traditional industrial base

• Globalisation

• Government policies

8.2: Can you explain these causes of economic change in the UK?

• De-industrialisation and the decline of traditional industrial base

• For decades, UK de-industrialisation = decline in manufacturing (secondary) industry and subsequent growth in services (tertiary) and research (quaternary) employment

• Machines and robots replaced people in modern industries, like car production.

• LICs like China and Indonesia produce goods cheaper as labour is cheap

• Many think there’s a lack of investment in manufacturing UK

• Coal mining, engineering, manufacturing have declined

• UK is now a world centre for financial services, media, research and creative industries like fashion design, architecture and performing arts

8.2: Can you explain these causes of economic change in the UK?

• Globalisation

• Globalisation means how world has become more interconnected

• Boosted by developments in transport (planes, container ships) and communications (internet)

• Boosted world trade, easier to import goods from abroad = contributed to decline in UK manufacturing

• Helped the quaternary (research) sector to grow in UK, many people working on global brands and products

8.2: Can you explain these causes of economic change in the UK?

• Gov policies

• 45-79: Gov money helped unprofitable industries continue. Government created state-run industries (British Steel Corporation, National Coal Board, British Rail)

• 79-2010: State-run industries sold off to private shareholders = “privatisation”. Many older industries lost jobs (coal mining). New private companies brought change, e.g London Docklands transformed into Canary Wharf business district

• 2010+: Gov aiming to rebalance economy so there’s less focus on services and more manufacturing again

8.3: List how is the UK moving towards a post-industrial economy? What is a post-industrial economy?

• Information technology development

• Service industries

• Finance

• Research

• Post-industrial economy - manufacturing (secondary) industry declined and replaced by growth in services (tertiary) and research (quaternary) sector. Happened in UK from 70s - UK 74% work in tertiary

8.3: List how is the UK moving towards a post-industrial economy?

• Information technology development

• 1.3+ mill work in IT

• UK is one of top leading digital economies, as people work with high-speed broadband connections

• IT jobs - computer software design, phone app development

• Internet access allows many to work from home

8.3: List how is the UK moving towards a post-industrial economy?

• Service industry

• Individuals in tertiary sector provide services

• Sector grown rapidly since 70s

• Makes 79% of UK economic output compared to 46% in 48’

8.3: List how is the UK moving towards a post-industrial economy?

• Finance

• Finance and banking are important parts of services sector

• UK is top leading country for financial services (accounting, banking, insurance)

• Key centre in “Square Mile”

• Financial services sector is 10% of UK's GNI, employs 2+ mill

8.3: List how is the UK moving towards a post-industrial economy?

• Research

• Quaternary, 60k+ highly-skilled people, estimated $3+ bill to UK economy, likely area of continued growth

• Done by British unis (Cambridge, Manchester, Southampton)

• Organisations: Pharmaceutical companies, Cancer Research UK, Ministry of Defence, British Antarctic Survey (BAS)

  • BAS, 500+ highly-skilled people based in Cambridge

  • Researchers live on bases in polar regions (Halley Station, Antarctica)

  • Halley Station can be moved around Antarctica to stay on stable ice

  • Areas of research are; effects of climate change, like sea level rise

What is a science and business park? Give examples

• Science park: group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses on a single site (quaternary sector). 100+ in UK, about 75k working in them. Most are linked to unis

  • University of Southampton Science Park

• Business park: Area where several businesses cluster together. Often on edge of urban area where land is cheaper and better access to main roads

  • Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

8.4: Facts about University of Southampton Science Park

• 100 science and innovation businesses, use high-speed broadband internet

• Close to M3 and Southampton International Airport. Near the Uni = research facilities and graduates to employ

• Attractive landscaped location, green areas and woodland. Helps with 'blue sky' thinking in their research

• Fibrecore makes optical fibres, many uses (computer networking). PhotonStar makes high-tech lightning products

8.4: Facts about Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

• Biggest in UK. Has offices, retail outlets, fitness centre and cycle paths

• NE England has suffered from economic decline as traditional businesses closed down, so businesses here qualify for gov assistance

• Newcastle pop of 300k = large local workforce

• Close to main A1 road and 20 mins from Newcastle International Airport

• Businesses: Santander, IBM, Siemens, Proctor & Gamble

9.1: Can you give examples of how UK industry impacts on the physical environment?

• Mining operations lead to huge waste tips piling up on edges of mining settlements

• UK has several quarries - sites for extracting rocks and gravel for the building industry, that cut chasms (huge holes) into countryside landscape

• Waste products from manufacturing are added to landfill sites which can pollute ground water and soil

9.2: Can you explain examples of how modern industrial development in the UK can be more environmentally sustainable?

• Tech can reduce harmful emissions from heavy industry and power stations

  • E.g, projects in process to capture CO2 from coal power stations = reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• Desulphurisation removes harmful gases (sulphur dioxide) from power station chimneys

• Heavy fines issued when industrial pollution incidents happen

• Careful design can reduce visual impact of industries

9.2: CASE STUDY: Torr Quarry is an example of a modern industrial development aiming to be more environmental sustainable

• Key facts

• In Somerset, Limestone quarry run by Aggregate Industries. 100+ people, site covers 2.5 square km

• Quarrying began in 40s. Produces 5 mill tonnes of limestone/year

• Nationally important source of construction materials like rock chippings, used to build roads

• Most rock is transported by rail, to building projects in SE England

9.2: CASE STUDY: Torr Quarry is an example of a modem industrial development aiming to be more environmental sustainable.

• Sustainability

• 200 acres of land re-landscaped with plants and trees = helps site blend into the landscape

• Lakes created to encourage wildlife and to act as water supply reservoirs

• Rail transport used to take limestone away = minimises impact on local roads and villages

• Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust and water quality

• Aggregate Industries has permission to continue deepening it until 2040s = less visual impact than it spreading out

9.3: Outer Hebrides rural area: how is population decline causing social and economic changes?

• Outer Hebrides islands of Scotland - 27,400 people, most on isle of Lewis, one of the chain of 65 islands, decline of 50%+ since 1901 when 46k lived here

• Social effects:

  • School closures due to less students. Less people of working age

  • Ageing pop with less youth to support them.

• Economic effects:

  • Essential services (ferry to mainland), needs financial help, economy struggling, businesses closing (post offices)

  • Fishing: 48’, 900+ registered fishing boats. 2013, just a few. Foreign ships dominate deep-sea fishing

  • Tourism: 27% increase in visitors 2007-2014, but industry growth stopped by lack of tourist infrastructure (hotels, food place)

  • Farming: based on sheep breeding on small farms (crofts). Most now only have work for 2 days/week

9.4: South Cambridgeshire rural area: how is population growth causing social and economic changes?

• Rapid 150k (expected 180k, 2031) pop growth as people leave Cambridge/London and migrate in. Attractive countryside in commuting distance of London. 1000+ job opportunities in Cambridge.

• Social effects:

  • Commuters spend most money in city work city, not rural living area

  • 80% car ownership = more traffic, less public transport demand

  • Modern developments on village edge = sad original villagers

  • Young people can't afford housing = move away

• Economic effects:

  • Farmers sell land for housing = less agricultural jobs (though more construction jobs), lack of affordable housing

  • More European migrants = pressure on services (doctor's surgeries, schools)

  • 21% work in high-tech industries

10.1: What improvements and new developments in transport infrastructure are taking place in the UK?

• List them

• Road infrastructure

• Rail infrastructure

• Port capacity

• Airport capacity

10.1: What improvements and new developments in transport infrastructure are taking place in the UK?

• Road infrastructure

• 2014 gov announced £15 bill road investment strategy

• 100 new road schemes planned by 2020

• 1,300 new lane miles added to motorways and A roads to tackle congestion

• 'Smart motorways' installed

• Project in process to widen the A303 'south-west super highway' so it's all dual carriageway

10.1: What improvements and new developments in transport infrastructure are taking place in the UK?

• Rail infrastructure

• HS2 - massive £70bn+ project to create high-speed rail links between London- major cities in East Midlands and North England

• Aimed at cutting journey times, increasing capacity, create jobs and grow UK economy outside London

• Faced delays and concerns over exact route and huge costs

• Crossrail (Elizabeth Line) opened in 2022. £19bn railway across London to connect Reading and Heathrow (west), to other side of east London in Essex via central London

10.1: What improvements and new developments in transport infrastructure are taking place in the UK?

• Port Capacity

• UKs ports industry is largest in Europe - leading ports include Tilbury (east London).

• Dover is main port for freight (lorries, cars)

• Felixstowe is biggest port for container ships

• Liverpool2 is a new £300mill container terminal, opened in 2016 - Doubles Liverpool's capacity to 1.5mill containers a year

10.1: What improvements and new developments in transport infrastructure are taking place in the UK?

• Airport Capacity

• Gov wants to add new runway in south east UK, most likely third runway at Heathrow Airport

• Heathrow is one of the busiest airports

• Third runway = jobs and boost economy, but add to air and noise pollution

10.2: What is meant by the 'north-south divide' in the UK, and what factors are behind this, and prove it?

• "North-south divide" = cultural and economic differences between south and north England

• Several factors behind divide - decline of 'heavy industries' like steel making and ship building in northern cities

• North West average pay £25k, unemployment is 6.9%, life expectancy 1.4yrs less than average, South East £28k, 4.4%

• London and south east have many jobs and fast-growing service industry sector, especially finance

10.2: What strategies are being used to help resolve such regional differences like the ‘north-south divide’?

• 2015 gov launched a new strategy for a 'Northern Powerhouse' to rebalance wealth and influence of London and south east

• Money invested to improve transport links between north and south

• Local Enterprise partnerships started and Enterprise Zones created = encourage new businesses where there were none previously

  • supported by superfast broadband provision

• HS2 rail project might also boost economy of northern cities

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• list them

• Trade links

• Culture

• Transport

• Electronic communication

• Economic and political links with the Commonwealth

• Economic and political links with the G7

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• Trade links

• Trade means movement of goods and services across world

• Over 50% of UK trade is with EU

• Although UK left EU 'single market' due to brexit, goods can be traded without tariffs, due to the “Trade and Co-operation Agreement”. But trade barriers are higher than before.

• Key trading partners include USA - (UK earns most trade money with USA), China, Germany, France.

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• Culture

• Traditions and creative industries

• Books - Harry Potter series, sold worldwide

• TV exports - Dr Who, Sherlock and Downton Abbey

• Markets - English-speaking countries like Australia and USA

• Migrants brought their own culture: Italian fashions, American music, Thai food, Caribbean festivals.

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• Transport

• Heathrow is one of the busiest airports. It’s an important hub for transfer flights

• The Channel Tunnel links UK to Europe

• Southampton is a major cruise ship port

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• Electronic communication

• UK is a key link for submarine cables that provide internet connectivity

• New project “Arctic Fibre” is a submarine cable planned to connect Asia, Canada and Europe through the Arctic Ocean. It will link London and Tokyo

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• Economic and political links with the Commonwealth

• 53 countries, most were once British colonies

• Home to 2.2 bill people, with important trading and cultural links

• King Charles III is the figure-head

• 'Secretariat' works to help member countries achieve sustainable development

• Commonwealth Games, called 'the friendly games', happens every 4 years

10.3: Can you explain the place of the UK in the wider world?

• Economic and political links with the G7

• US, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and UK

• Meet yearly to discuss global economic issues

• Strengthen the global economy