3rd grading period Zoo material

Pasteur's work with spontaneous generation showed that...

life could not have evolved from non-living chemistry on the early earth.

The function of the contractile vacuole in protozoa is...

water balance, regulation

If you press a sponge through a coarse cloth bag, the cells will...

reassemble into many smaller sponges with each cell resuming its original job

The nervous system of an insect consists of...

a minimal brain with neurosecretory functions and a nerve cord with ganglia extending down the ventral surface.

The five pairs of bursae in brittle stars are used for...

respiration and reproduction

In leeches, a cocoon into which fertilized eggs will be deposited is secreted by the...

clitellum

Chelicerates have six pairs of appendages, including a pair of pedipalps, four pairs of walking legs, and a pair of...

chelicerae

Amphioxi are...

cephalochordates aka lancelets

Sea squirts are also known as...

Ascidians (a type of urochordate, the tunicates)
probably unnecessary to know i just got the T/F wrong

which of these does not describe a protozoa?
- single-celled, eukaryotic, motile in at least one stage, always heterotrophic

uhh probably motile in at least one stage

Animals that have both male and female organs in the same individual are called...

bisexual

Aerobic organisms use (WHAT) as the final electron accepter in cellular respiration?

oxygen

Gymnophiona

(Phylum Amphibia) Caecilians
- legless burrowers, lost legs
- tropical forets, many vertebrae, internal fertilization

Urodela

(Phylum Amphibia) Salamanders
- carnivorous, tropical animals
- utilizes spermatophores in mating
- some species exhibit paedomorphosis

Spermatophores

bunch of sperm in a little bundle, males lay them around for females to.. use?

Paedomorphosis

staying in "young form" forever, like axolotls, evolution getting silly

Anura

(Amphibia) Frogs and toads (5,970 species)
- respiration via buccal pumping
- some have chromatophores
- external fertilization, male puts female in amplexus
- tadpole external gills become internal gills as operculum fuses with body wall

Amniota

includes reptiles, birds, and mammals
has an amnion membrane (inside is amniotic fluid for baby), ribs, stronger jaws for chewing

parts of shelled egg

chorion: for respiration
yolk sac: stores nurtrients, mm food
allantois: waste storage sac, respiratory surface
amnion: encloses embryo, has fluid within
shell: encloses, may be leathery or hard

Testudines

turtles and tortoises
- shell formed from fused vertebrae
- breathing requires use of limbs

Squamata

lizards + snakes
- skull can move funny (snake jaws are in 2 pieces connected by cartilage so can eat big prey)
- ectothermy: reliance on environment for temp regulation

suborder Sauria

lizards :)

suborder Serpentes

snakes
- lost pelvic/pectoral girdles (xcept pythons)
- wide vertebrae for wiggle

Snake Locomotion types

Lateral undulation- "S-shaped"
Concertina movement- uses irregular channels in the bark of a tree, compress and uncompress
Rectilinear movement- ribs move to allow for straight, linear movement
Side-widening- uses minimum surface contact in desert against sand, magic floaty snakes

Jacobson's Organ

detects smells with tongue (pair of pits in roof of mouth), tongue flicks smells towards those pits

Superorder Archosauria and Order Crocodilia
Order Sphenodontia

dinosaurs and crocodiles.
Sphenodontia: diapsid repiles, 1(2?) living species

2 flight hypotheses

ground up
trees-down

not going to explain but you HAVE to know these

Archaeopteryx lithographica

link between reptiles and birds, long extinct but he's rad

parts of a feather

quill (calamus)
barb: fibres branching off quill
barbules: smaller fibres off barbs that "zip 2gether" with other barbules
vane: edge of feather
rachis?

types of feathers

contour feather: wing feathers
down feathers: insulation
powder-down: waterproof down (herons)
filoplume: hairlike small feathers, perhaps 4 mating

types of wings

elliptical: forested habitats, tight movement
high-speed: "feed on the wing", 4 long migration
soaring: less maneuverable, but most efficient
high-lift: large birds, soaring, similar 2 elliptical

proventriculus

owl pellet organ

precocial vs. altrical

precocial: functioning at birth (waterfowl)
altrical: needing care, need 2 be fed by mom (songbirds)

what kind of skulls do mammals have

synapsid skull, with one pair of temporal skull holes

what kind of skulls do reptiles have

diapsid skulls (birds are also diapsids)

purpose of hair and vibrissae

waterproof, buoyancy, insulation
vibrissae: whiskers

types of horns

true horns: attached to bone, keratinized sheath
antlers: shed in mating season, mostly on males
rhino "horn": all keratin, not attached to skull

types of mammalian glands

eccrine: sweat 4 cooling, watery
apocrine: sweat, opens to hair follicles, forms film
sebaceous: oil glands
mammary: mammals. monotremes lack nipples tho
other scent glands 4 communication

types of teeths :)

incisors
canines (tearing)
premolars (shearing and slicing)
molars (crushing and grinding)

what are ruminants

grazing animals that eat lots of vegetation
regurgitate chewed food as cud, to be chewed again to get maximum nutrients out

muuuch longer intestinal tracts than carnivores

estrus

periods when females are receptive to mating, "heat"

teleost scales vs dermal bones

fish have teleost scales which are covered by the epidermis (so they are covered by just a lil skin)
reptiles have dermal bones which are the outermost layer of skin

types of vertebrae

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

what are the sacral and caudal vertebrae in humans

sacral vertebrae fused to be the sacrum
caudal vertebrae fused to be the coccyx

types of vertebrate muscle

striated (skeletal) muscle: compact, "voluntary" muscle, does body movement, has striations
smooth (visceral) muscle: slow acting, involuntary, does the guts and stuff
cardiac muscle: does the heart, has striations but is seemingly tireless

axial and appendicular skeleton

axial- skull, spinal cord, rib cage
appendicular- limbs and pelvis

CNS and PNS

Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (everything else)

parts of brain

prosencephalon (forebrain) (handled smell in early vertebrates)
mesencephalon (midbrain) (handled vision in early verts)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) (handled hearing/balance in early verts)

forebrain

in amniotes, does vision, thalamus analyzes sensory info
hypothalamus regulates body temp, water balance, appetite, neurohormones
cerebrum is here!
hippocampus: learning and memory, cortex: discrete motor/sensory areas
sensory cortex: conscious perception

midbrain

uhh it is kind of just a relay center in the brain for info going elsewhere, up to the forebrain

hindbrain

has le medulla oblongata
medulla: brain stem, does heartbeat

corpus callosum

connects the two halves of brain, acting as a bridge

reflex arc

on god i can't describe it rn just learn it

Lorenz and Tinbergen

ethologists
tested that animals have stereotypical behaviors that aren't necesarily indicative of intelligence, "innate behaviors"

innate behaviors

invariable and predictable, inherited, not learnt, important 4 survival
complex animals have more time to learn things so they have less innate behaviors

proximate causation and ultimate causation

proximate: the "how" a behavior happens
ultimate: the "why" a behavior happens

habituation and sensitization

habituation: decreased response to repeated stimulus (getting used to it)
sensitization: increased response to repeated stimulus (reacting to it more)

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during critical period of development

aggressive vs agonistic

aggressive: offensive physical actions (hitting etc.)
agonistic: broad category of behaviors relating to fighting/competition
- ritualized behaviors modified to be communicative

ecocline

a gradient of biomes, transitional zone kinda

the "spheres"

biosphere (everything living), lithosphere (rock), hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers), atmosphere (air)