Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, providing definitions and explanations for study review.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement applying new ways of understanding based on reason and rational thought to the study of society.

John Locke

Philosopher who advocated for life, liberty, property, and the idea of popular sovereignty.

Social Contract

Theory proposed by Rousseau suggesting that a government should be based on the general will of the people.

Montesquieu

Philosopher known for the concept of separation of powers within government.

Voltaire

Philosopher who promoted religious tolerance and freedom of speech.

Rationalism

Philosophy prioritizing reason over emotion and external authority.

Empiricism

The theory that knowledge is gained through sensory experience.

Nationalism

A sense of unity among people sharing language, culture, and customs, often leading to political movements.

Colonial Revolutions

Revolutions against a colonial power seeking independence.

Home Revolutions

Revolutions occurring within a country, challenging existing governments and social structures.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery and organized labor to produce goods at a larger scale.

Laissez-Faire

An economic philosophy advocating for minimal government intervention in markets.

Meiji Restoration

The period in Japan when they adopted Western industry and technology to prevent colonization.

Transnational Corporations

Businesses operating across national boundaries with substantial operations in multiple countries.

Proletariat

The working class, especially in industrial society.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, often consisting of factory owners and those benefiting from industrialization.

Urbanization

The movement of populations from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who argued for the overthrow of capitalist systems to create a classless society.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman Empire reforms aimed at modernization and adopting Western methods and technologies.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region, transforming economies and societies.

Mass Production

The production of goods in large quantities, especially through machinery to lower costs.

Technological Innovations

New tools and methods that significantly change the way goods are produced.

Standard of Living

The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.

Public Health

The health of the population as a whole, impacted by urbanization and industrialization.