Module 7: Respiratory System

Deposition

Trapping of particles in upper respiratory passages

Clearance

removal of trapped particles (by the aid of cilia, mucus, and serous secretions)

Retention

Difference between deposited and cleared particles (to be destroyed by Clara cells and pulmonary macrophages: if microbes)

Mucociliary clearance

Physical removal of trapped particles (upper and middle respiratory passages)

Phagocytosis

Furnished by pulmonary alveolar macrophages; the main defense mechanism of gas-exchange system/ alveoli

Rhinitis

Inflammation of nasal mucosae

Sinusitis

inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of pharynx

Larynx

Inflammation of larynx

Tracheitis

Inflammation of trachea

Bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchi

Pneumonia

Inflammation of lung parenchyma

Pneumonia

More acute and exudative lung inflammation, maked by presence or inflmmatory cells (granulocytes and phagocytes)

Pneumonitis

More chronic and proliferative lung inflammation, marked by presence of proliferative cells (fibroblasts and macrophages)

Type I

This lung type has well developed secondary lobules (cattle, sheep, goat, pig)

Type II

This lung type: absence of secondary lobules (monkey, dog, cat)

Type III

This lung type has incompletely developed secondary lobules (horse)

Atelectasis

Collapsation of lung alveoli

Emphysema

Dilatation and distention of alveolar wall

edema

Accumulation of fluid in alveoli

Congestion

Increase venous blood in pulmonary veins

Hemorrhage

Escape of blood from injured pulmonary vessel

Thrombosis

Blot clot in walls of pulmonary vessel

Embolism

Emboli in pulmonary vessel

Pneumoconiosis

General term for deposition of expgenous particles/ minerals into the lungs

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation of lung and airways

Interstitial Pneumonia

Lung disease where inflammation occurs in the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) or the spaces between the tissues in the lungs

Focal pneumonia

pneumonia that is localized to a specific area of the lung, rather than being spread throughout the entire lung

Bronchopneumonia

This type of pneumonia has cranio-ventral distribution

Interstitial Pneumonia

This type of pneumonia has diffuse distribution

Embolic pneumonia

This type of pneumonia has focal distribution, occurs when bacteria or other travel bloodstream and lodge in the lung causing inflammation

Granulomatous pneumonia

This type of pneumonia has locally extensive distribution, it is characterized by the formation of granulomas

Gangrenous pneumonia

pneumonia with invasion of putrefactive bacteria, rare and severe characterized bu death of lung tissue

Aspiration pneumonia

Presence of fluid/food partciles in lower respiratory tract. Caused by inhaling foreign material into the lungs

Lipoid pneumonia

Pneumonia with lipid droplets in lung parenchyma.

Uremic pneumonopathy or pneumonia

Severe uremia can lead to pulmonary edema.

Pneumothorax

Air in pleural cavity

Hydrothorax

Water/fluid

Hemothorax

Blood

Chylothorax

Chylous fluid, lymph that is milky due to emulsified fats

Pleuritis and pleurisy

Fluid in pleural cavity