Anatomy Midterm #2 Practice Questions

during inflammation all the following can leak out of capillaries EXCEPT (assume normal inflammatory process in a healthy & undamaged capillary)

red blood cells

this type of cell makes up the structure of alveolar walls

type 1 alveolar cells

a pneumothorax causes pressure in the pleural cavity to

increase

secondary bronchi are also known as

lobar bronchi

another name for these structures are the adenoids

pharyngeal tonsils

the structure that restricts flow between the stomach and small intestines is the

pyloric sphincter

gastric pits and gastric glands are found within which layer of the stomach

mucosa

the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the ___ to the ___

intestines to liver

what cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are responsible for constricting thus limiting flow of blood into the glomerular capillaries

extraglomerular mesangial cells

true or false: the majority of nephrons are located in the medulla of the kidney

false

true of false: arteries bring things away from the heart

true

true or false: arteries have a lot of expanding and contracting (so much stretch)

true

veins are known to hold ___ amount of ___ pressure blood

large; low

what type of artery is best at handling large changes in pressure?

elastic

which would you expect to find in the blood after a heart attack?

troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase

what kind of epithelium in found in oral mucosa?

stratified squamous

true or false: the internal and elastic laminas in veins allow them to vasodilate and vasoconstrict

false

true or false: veins have no internal elastic lamina

true

true or false: during inflammation, we see lots of red & white blood cells leaking from capillaries

false

what is the space b/w the epithelial cells in capillaries calles?

intercellular cleft

what are the largest arteries in the body?

elastic

venules connect ___ to veins

capillary beds

the right lung has ___ lobes, and the left lung has ___ lobes

3; 2

what condition is characterized by blood pooling in the veins & getting stuck there?

varicose veins

true of false: blood entering the lungs is oxygen rich

false (it is going to the lungs to GET oxygen rich)

what happens during an aortic dissection?

blood leaks into the space b/w the tunica intima & tunica media

true or false: veins have elastic lamina layers, whereas arteries do not

false

what is it called when the lumen shrinks & pressure increases?

vasoconstriction

what do fissures separate?

lobes in lung

gas exchange occurs at the ___

alveoli

what breaks up surface tension, making it so less force is needed to expand lungs?

surfactant

true or false: pulmonary edema fluid builds up in the lungs caused by an underlying heart condition

true

___ are important in facilitating an inflammatory response, through the selective leakiness of ___

capillaries; intracellular cleft

what does ARDS stand for?

acute respiratory distress syndrom

what is the primary treatment for ARDS?

mechanical ventilation

COVID-19 virus binds to ___ receptors

ACE 2

under the theory we learned in class, what structures do we think SARS-CoV-2 attacks?

capillaries

type ___ alveolar cells secrete ___, which reduces surface tension

2; surfactant

true or false: the diaphragm is a skeletal muscle, and we have the ability to consciously control it

true

during expiration, the diaphragm ___

relaxes

the intercostal and abdominal muscles assist with what?

maximum inspiration and expiration

what structure is present to move and facilitate mucus in or out of the body?

cilia

what functions to increase surface area?

sinus and tubrinates

true or false: the epiglottis prevents food and water from entering the trachea

true

sinusitis is the inflammation of the mucosal ___ in the sinuses

epithelium

the pharynx connects the ___ to the ___

nasal cavity; larynx (mouth to nose)

the larynx protects the voice box, surrounded by ___

cartilage

true or false: the cartilage in the trachea is a full ring around the circumference of the trachea, preventing it from collapsing

false (tracheal cartilage is shaped like a C; open at the back for flexibility)

what is released by WBCs to recruit more WBCs?

cytokines

pneumothorax is when ___ is leaked into the pleural cavity

air

what is when fluid is leaking into the pleural space and makes pressure in alveoli?

pleural effusion

what are rhythmic contractions that allow for the esophagus to being the contraction of one part and move the contractions down the esophagus to push food through the esophagus?

peristalsis

in the respiratory mucosa, what is a majority of it coved by?

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

what are the smallest airways/tubes that do not have alveoli directly attached to them?

terminal bronchioles

during expiration, the diaphragm ___ and the pressure in the lungs ___

relaxes; increases

true or false: the pressure in the pleural cavity is slightly lower pressure than the space inside alveoli at any time regardless of stage

true

what kind of epithelium is found in respiratory mucosa?

pseudostratified columnar

what are the smallest airways that have alveoli and lack respiratory mucosa?

respiratory bronchioles

what structure controls food entering the small intestine from the stomach?

pyloric sphincter

what two sphincters are where the stomach and esophagus meet together?

lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter

what cell in the small intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients?

enterocyte

what are the large bumps on the internal surface of the large intestine that increase surface area?

haustra

the valsalva maneuver can lead to short term ___ in blood pressure in the brain, and long term ___ in the blood pressure of the brain

increase; decrease

chemical digestion starts in the mouth with saliva, which contains ___, an enzyme that breaks down starches & carbs into simpler sugars

amylase

blood first enters the hepatic lobule through what vessel?

portal vein

what type of tissue lines the mouth?

oral mucosa

what are the layers in the mucosa?

lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, adventitia

what is the part of the hollow organ that if farthest away from the outlet?

fundus

true or false: goblet cells are the cells that secrete mucus in both respiratory & oral mucosa

false (there are no goblet cells in orla mucosal. also minimal mucus for that matter - it's in the saliva)

what part of the tooth is covered by gums?

neck

what are the two muscles mainly used for mastication (chewing)?

masseter and temporalis

spencer got smacked by his opp, and it knocked out 3 of his premolars. how many does he still have left in his mouth?

5

the teeth have 3 main parts: above gum, within gum, and within the jawbone. what are these parts called, respectively?

crown, neck, root

the digestive system often relies on ___, the rhythmic contraction of ___ muscle, which pushes the food through not only the esophagus, but intestines as well

peristalsis; smooth

in the stomach, ___ cells release pepsinogen, while ___ cells release HCI

chief; parietal

what structure prevents food from entering the esophagus from the stomach?

cardiac sphincter

where are salivary glands located?

parotid (by ear), submandibular (under jaw), sublingual (under tounge)

what are the crevices/folds on the surface of the tongue called?

papillae

___ cells are below the surface of the tongue, and ___ hairs are what food particles binds to (same word)

gustatory

what type of muscle are sphincters made of?

smooth

true or false: the lumen of the esophagus is more compressed than the lumen of the trachea

true (not being held open by tracheal cartilage, squishy, not an open circle)

what are the large ridges on the inner surface of the stomach called that increase surface area for expansion/stretching/increasing volume (not absorption)?

rugae

esophagus has ___ epithelium, while the stomach has ___ epithelium

stratified squamous; simple columnar

what condition is characterized by inflammation of the mucus membrane?

rhinitis

what cell secretes mucus that covers the surface of the stomach and is in the gastric gland?

mucous neck cells

what hols specialized cells that aid in digestion?

gastric pits

what is the specialized structures called that absorbs fat?

lacteal ducts

the ridges in the colon that increase surface are for absorption are called

haustra

what part of the colon is characterized by the food moving in the horizontal plane

transverse colon

true or false: the external anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary, while the internal anal sphincter is smooth and involuntary

true

sepsis is an infection of the ___, which travels throughout the body (less common now)

blood

true of false: the accessory pancreatic duct is a separate duct that branches off from the pancreatic duct & does not merge with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine through the major duodenal papilla

false (minor duodenal papilla)

true or false: peritubular capillaries don't follow the Loop of Henle in cortical nephrons, and don't follow the proximal/distal convoluted tubules in juxtamedullary nephrons

true

what makes up the portal triad?

portal arteriole, portal venule, bile duct

true or false: the majority of nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney

true

the outer layer that envelops the kidney is known as the

fibrous capsule

where is the cricoid cartilage found?

larynx

another name for the pharyngeal tonsils is

adenoids

which region of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx?

laryngophaynx

the internal anal sphincter is make of ___ muscle, and the external anal sphincter is made of ___ muscle

smooth; skeletal