IB Psychology SAQ
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1
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Bailey and Pilard Uses
\-research methods in the biological approach
\-genetic inheritance influence on behavior
\-genetic inheritance influence on behavior
2
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Bailey and Pilard Procedure and results
\-recruited MZ twins, DZ twins, and adoptive brothers through gay publications
\-environment assumed to be same as raised together
\-sexual orientation determined by asking family emmbers or the participant directly
\-use of Childhood Gender Non-comformity self questionnaire
\-It seems the more closely genetically linked a pair is, the more likely there are to both exhibit straight or gay tendencies.
\-CGN questionnaire couldn’t predict homosexuality.
\-environment assumed to be same as raised together
\-sexual orientation determined by asking family emmbers or the participant directly
\-use of Childhood Gender Non-comformity self questionnaire
\-It seems the more closely genetically linked a pair is, the more likely there are to both exhibit straight or gay tendencies.
\-CGN questionnaire couldn’t predict homosexuality.
3
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Zhou Uses
pheromones and role in human behavior
4
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Zhou Procedure and Results
\-sorted into 4 groups: straight men, straight women, gay men, gay or bi women
\-presented with point light walker asked to determine sex of the walker
\-performed for 3 days and exposed to smellis AND with cloves, EST with cloves, and just cloves
\-Straight men and womend exposed to AND had higher rate of identifying stick figure as masculine than control group.
\-AND had no significant effect on heterosexual men or lesbian women.
\-EST led heterosexual men to indentify walkers as more feminine.
\-presented with point light walker asked to determine sex of the walker
\-performed for 3 days and exposed to smellis AND with cloves, EST with cloves, and just cloves
\-Straight men and womend exposed to AND had higher rate of identifying stick figure as masculine than control group.
\-AND had no significant effect on heterosexual men or lesbian women.
\-EST led heterosexual men to indentify walkers as more feminine.
5
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Baumgartner Uses
\-techniques used to study human behavior
\-hormones and human behavior
\-hormones and human behavior
6
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Baumgartner Procedure and Results
\-participants in MRI received oxytocin either through nasal spray or placebo
\-Then acted as investors in trust game with different people
\-then risk game with computer
\-finally pre- and post feed back on investments
\- Participants who received placebo were more likley to decrease their rate of trust after they were told that their trust had been broken.
\-Those who received oxytocin continued to invest at similar rates.
\-Then acted as investors in trust game with different people
\-then risk game with computer
\-finally pre- and post feed back on investments
\- Participants who received placebo were more likley to decrease their rate of trust after they were told that their trust had been broken.
\-Those who received oxytocin continued to invest at similar rates.
7
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Newcomer Uses
\-functions of hormones in human behavior
\-research methods in the biological approach
\-research methods in the biological approach
8
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Newcomer Procedure and Results
\-Participants checked for mental conditions then matched for age and gender for 3 groups.
\-Group 1: tablet of 160 mg cortisol
\-Group 2: tablet of 40 mg cortisol
\-Group 3: placebo group
\-then asked to listed and recall a prose paragraph
\-High cortisol levels impaired performance in memory task.
\-Group 1 showed the worst performance in verbal declerative memory.
\-Moderate levels of cortisol may have assisted in the recall of passage.
\-Group 1: tablet of 160 mg cortisol
\-Group 2: tablet of 40 mg cortisol
\-Group 3: placebo group
\-then asked to listed and recall a prose paragraph
\-High cortisol levels impaired performance in memory task.
\-Group 1 showed the worst performance in verbal declerative memory.
\-Moderate levels of cortisol may have assisted in the recall of passage.
9
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McGaugh and Cahill Uses
fucntions of hormones in the human behavior
10
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McGaugh and Cahill Procedure and Results
\-2 groups saw 12 different slides with different story for each group
\-1st group: boring story where mother and son visiting father when they saw staff in drill of stimulated accident
\-2nd group: boy in accident where he had to get his limbs reattached
\-After 2 weeks the participants returned to recall story details
\-repeated but group 2 had propranolol to prevent amygdala activiation and Group 1 had placebo
\-Participants who heard the more emotionally arousing story recalled information better than the boring group.
\-When participants were injected with beta-blocker, they did no better than the group with a boring story.
\-1st group: boring story where mother and son visiting father when they saw staff in drill of stimulated accident
\-2nd group: boy in accident where he had to get his limbs reattached
\-After 2 weeks the participants returned to recall story details
\-repeated but group 2 had propranolol to prevent amygdala activiation and Group 1 had placebo
\-Participants who heard the more emotionally arousing story recalled information better than the boring group.
\-When participants were injected with beta-blocker, they did no better than the group with a boring story.
11
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Wedekind Uses
\-pheromones and influence in human behavior
\-research methods in the biological approach
\-research methods in the biological approach
12
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Wedekind Procedure and Results
\-men provided with clean T-shirts and told to stay away from smelly food and smells (highly controlled: kept shirt on at night and put in plastic bags, unscented soap)
\-women received nasal spray 14 days before experiment and sensitized their smell perception
\-women asked to rank T-shirts on smell (3 similar MHC, 3 different MHC, and an unworn shirt) while on 2nd week of menstrual cycle (best sense of smell)
\-Women preferred the men with different MHC genes to their own.
\-women received nasal spray 14 days before experiment and sensitized their smell perception
\-women asked to rank T-shirts on smell (3 similar MHC, 3 different MHC, and an unworn shirt) while on 2nd week of menstrual cycle (best sense of smell)
\-Women preferred the men with different MHC genes to their own.
13
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Rosenzweig, bennet, and Diamond Uses
neuroplasticity
14
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Rosenzweig Procedure and Results
\-3 male rats from the same litter randomly allocated to control condition, impoverished, and enriched cages.
\-rats left in cages for 30-60 days
\-rats were killed after to study changes in the brain
\-EC rats had heavier and thicker cortex than IC rats.
\-EC rats had more neuron activity and association with acetylcholine(learning and memory).
\-rats left in cages for 30-60 days
\-rats were killed after to study changes in the brain
\-EC rats had heavier and thicker cortex than IC rats.
\-EC rats had more neuron activity and association with acetylcholine(learning and memory).
15
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Antova Uses
\-how neurotransmitters play a role in human behavior
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Antova Procedure and Results
\-20 healthy male adults random allocation to placebo or scopolamine group
\-before experiemnts they were trained to play VR game “Arena task” and navigate arena to dinf pole
\-screen went blank and after 3o secs they spawned somewher else and had to get there again
\-6 trials and broygh back 3-4 weeks after put in other group
\-Participants injected with scopolamine demonstrated reduction in hippocampus compared to when they received placebo.
\-Acetylcholine could play a key role in the encoding of spatial memory.
\-before experiemnts they were trained to play VR game “Arena task” and navigate arena to dinf pole
\-screen went blank and after 3o secs they spawned somewher else and had to get there again
\-6 trials and broygh back 3-4 weeks after put in other group
\-Participants injected with scopolamine demonstrated reduction in hippocampus compared to when they received placebo.
\-Acetylcholine could play a key role in the encoding of spatial memory.
17
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HM Milner Uses
\-role of hippocampus in memory formation
\-research methods used in the cognitive approach
\-research methods used in the cognitive approach
18
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HM Milner Procedure and Results
\-IQ test for Milner
\-interviews with HM and family
\-cognitive testing
\-memory recall tests and learning tasks
\-MRI of HM’s brain
\-Memory system in the brain is highly specialized.
\-The hippocampus plays a role in the short to long term memory.
\-interviews with HM and family
\-cognitive testing
\-memory recall tests and learning tasks
\-MRI of HM’s brain
\-Memory system in the brain is highly specialized.
\-The hippocampus plays a role in the short to long term memory.
19
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Maguire Uses
\-techniques for studying brain behavior
\-neuroplasticity
\-localization of brain and function
\-neuroplasticity
\-localization of brain and function
20
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Maguire Procedure and Results
\-Brain of taxi drivers were MRI scanned and compared to the MRi scan of non-taxi driving males
\-taxi drivers completed “the knowledge” test
\-The posterior hippocampus of taxi drivers was bigegr and anterior hippocampus smaller.
\-Volume of right hippocampi correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver.
\-taxi drivers completed “the knowledge” test
\-The posterior hippocampus of taxi drivers was bigegr and anterior hippocampus smaller.
\-Volume of right hippocampi correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver.
21
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Draginski uses
\-neuroplasticity
\-Ethics/research methods in the study of the brain and behavior.
\-Ethics/research methods in the study of the brain and behavior.
22
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Draginski Procedure and Results
\-each participant had MRI scan in beginning then allocated to juggler or non-juggler group
\-jugglers taught 3 ball juggling routine
\-2nd scan when jugglers mastered their routines
\-then, no juggling practive and 3rd scan 3 months later
\-With the 2nd scan jugglers showed larger amount of grey matter in mid-temporal area which is associated with visual memory.
\-jugglers taught 3 ball juggling routine
\-2nd scan when jugglers mastered their routines
\-then, no juggling practive and 3rd scan 3 months later
\-With the 2nd scan jugglers showed larger amount of grey matter in mid-temporal area which is associated with visual memory.
23
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Rogers and Kesner Uses
\-research methods in biological approach
\-effects of neurotransmitters on human behavior
\-effects of neurotransmitters on human behavior
24
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Rogers and Kesner Procedure and Results
\-30 rats familiarized with maze by placing food in corners
\-rats randomly allocated to control group (saline) or to experimental group (scopolamine)
\-memory assesed by average number of errors in firts trials compared to last trials
\-Scopolamine group made more mistakes in maze and took longer to do the maze.
\-Acetylcholine plays a role in the formation of memory.
\-rats randomly allocated to control group (saline) or to experimental group (scopolamine)
\-memory assesed by average number of errors in firts trials compared to last trials
\-Scopolamine group made more mistakes in maze and took longer to do the maze.
\-Acetylcholine plays a role in the formation of memory.
25
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Caspi Uses
\-research methods in biological approach
\-genetic inheritence influence on behavior
\-genetic inheritence influence on behavior
26
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Caspi Procedure and Results
\-Sample of 847 New Zealanders and divided into 3 groups based on 5-HTT alleles
\-shorter groups are the mutations
\-Group 1= 2 short alleles
\-Group 2= 1 short and 1 long allele
\-Group 3= 2 long alleles
\-participants then filled out stressful life events questionnaire
\-People who had inherited 1 or more short alleles demonstrated more symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in response to stressful life events.
\-Genes interaction with stressful life events increased one’s likelihood of developing depression.
\-shorter groups are the mutations
\-Group 1= 2 short alleles
\-Group 2= 1 short and 1 long allele
\-Group 3= 2 long alleles
\-participants then filled out stressful life events questionnaire
\-People who had inherited 1 or more short alleles demonstrated more symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in response to stressful life events.
\-Genes interaction with stressful life events increased one’s likelihood of developing depression.