physio quiz special senses

Glutamate binding to mGluR6 receptor

Causes calcium channel to close, cell polarizes, and no neurotransmitters are released (indicating no light).

cGMP PDE function

Breaks down cGMP, preventing Na+ and Ca2+ entry, leading to no depolarization.

Location of photoreceptor cells

Found in the retina, not in the vitreous humor.

Guanylyl cyclase activity

Always active in the dark.

Regulation of cGMP-PDE concentration

Light activates retinal, changing its configuration, which activates transducin and cGMP phosphodiesterase.

Light effect on [PDE]

Low PDE in dark, high PDE in light.

Light effect on [cGMP]

High cGMP in dark, low cGMP in light.

Myelination of ganglion cells

Not myelinated in the eye to allow light passage to the retina.

Lens type for anterior focal point

Biconvex lenses.

Phasic vs

Phasic are rapidly adapting; tonic are slowly adapting.

Metabolic efficiency of neurons

Phasic neurons are more efficient as they use less ATP.

Role of the choroid

Absorbs light rays and helps focus on distances.

Effect of parasympathetic innervation on lens

Ciliary muscle pulls, lens rounds, allowing closer vision.

Neurotransmitters at OFF bipolar cell synapse

Indicate dark conditions.

Neurotransmitter concentration at photoreceptor ON bipolar synapse

There are neurotransmitters present.

Effect of 280 nm wavelength light

Neurotransmission occurs at OFF bipolar cells; NMDA is ligand-gated.

Long-term potentiation consequence

Extended potentiation due to glutamate binding to AMPA and NMDA channels.

Role of the choroid

Focus on far vs. short distances.

Voltage threshold for OFF bipolar cell action potential

No action potentials.

Polarization state of ON bipolar cell

Indicates dark conditions.

AMPA channel type

Not a voltage-gated receptor.

Meaning of "m" in mGluR6

Metabotropic.

Indication of metabotropic receptors

G-protein coupled receptors.

Color perceived when cones are equally stimulated

White.

Action potentials from sound stimulus receptors

False, they do not generate action potentials.

Color when ON and OFF bipolar cells send equal glutamate

Gray.

Non-encapsulated somatic receptor

None.

Somatic receptor detecting temperature

Free nerve endings.

Phenomenon of referred pain

Convergence.

Effect of moving stereocilia toward kinocilia

Depolarizes and releases neurotransmitters.

Mechanism for opening cation channels in inner hair cells

Movement of stereocilia toward kinocilia.

Regeneration of taste buds

True, they can regenerate.

Hair cells of the ampulla

Constantly depolarized and can send action potentials.

Saccule's assessment

Vertical acceleration.

Fluid in semicircular canals

Endolymph.

First name of Mr

Frank.

Wavelengths we "see"

400-750 nm.

Epley Maneuver

Used to reposition otoliths in the saccule and utricle.

Function of otoliths

Thicken gelatinous substance for hair cell shearing and depolarization.

Location of Umami detection on the tongue

Everywhere.

Sensory cells generating action potentials

Olfactory cells and ganglion cells.

Impact of sound wave compression and rarefaction

Compression causes depolarization; rarefaction causes polarization.

Vestibular organ stimulated by horizontal head position change

Utricle.

Basilar membrane structure

Thick and narrow at windows, broad and thin at helicotrema.

Location of hair cells

In the ampulla; KC = kinocilia, SC = stereocilia.

Regeneration of cochlear hair cells

No, they cannot regenerate.

Regeneration of retina

No, it cannot regenerate.

Regeneration of taste buds

Yes, they can regenerate.

Smelling an element

Actual element is not embedded; odorants are.