Unit 5 Chapter 10 AP Hug

Agribusiness

commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

Agricultural origins

Humans were primarily nomadic hunters and gatherers, moving to find new food sources

Animal domestication

the adaptation of a plant or animal from a wild or natural state to life in close association with humans

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms (usually genes) to modify or make plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes

Cereal grain

A grass yielding grain for food

Examples: Oats, Wheat, Rye, Barley

Combine

a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field

Commercial agriculture

The farming of products for sale off the farm

Crop

Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

Crop rotation - purpose

* The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year
* To avoid exhausting the soil and improve soil nutrients

Dairying

An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products

\#1 milk producing nation

India

Double cropping

harvesting twice a year from the same field

Farming

deliberate effort to change a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

Grain

* Seed of a cereal grass
* staple grains: maize, wheat, rice (most produced grains worldwide)

Green Revolution

a period of increased agricultural productivity that occurred in the mid-20th century, primarily in developing countries

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Hunting and gathering

The first way humans obtained food

Aquaculture

the cultivation of aquatic organisms (such as fish or shellfish) especially for food

intensive subsistence

* form of subsistence agriculture


* farmers must put in a lot of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a piece of land

livestock ranching

the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other products

luxury crops

a crop that is grown to serve some purpose other than sustaining human life

mediterranean agriculture

agriculture practiced in areas with mediterranean climate, mostly horticulture

metallurgy

art and science of extracting metals from their ores and modifying the metals for use

pastoral nomadism

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domestic animals

pasture

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, and land used for grazing animals

plantation agriculture

a single person or company owns a big farm and grows a single crop

* ex: corn, cotton, wheat

Common locations today for plantation agriculture -

tropical areas of Latin America, Asia and Africa

plant domestication

wild plants are cultivated into productive crops, often with more desirable traits

prime agriculture land

* most productive farmland
* pastureland, cropland, forestland

slash-and-burn agriculture

method of cultivation in which forests are burned and cleared for planting

shifting cultivation

land being farmed for 2-3 years before moving on to other areas

subsistence farming

Agriculture primarily to provide food for consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Early human activities

* Primary Economic Activities
* Secondary Economic Activities
* Tertiary Economic Activities
* Quaternary Economic Activities

Primary

* harvesting
* mining raw materials
* fishing and farming

Secondary

* processing
* refining natural resources
* factory work
* timber into furniture

Tertiary

* sale
* exchange of goods
* retail
* real estate

Quaternary

* generation of knowledge
* sharing of research
* teaching
* medical service

First Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

* 12,000 years ago, occurred first in Mesopotamia


* transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining

Second Agricultural Revolution

* increased technology
* increased farm productivity through mechanization

Third (green) Agricultural Revolution

* animal/plant breading with another
* genetic engineering of products
* increased use of pesticides and fertilizers

Peripheral Agriculture vs Core Agriculture activities around the world

* core countries exploit peripheral for labor and raw materials
* peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have an underdeveloped industry

Distribution of agricultural activities in the US and Worldwide (Whittlesey Map)

Regions according to the map:

* Southeast Asia ( Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines)
* West Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Central USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska)
* Central America

Where did agriculture originate

The Fertile Crescent

* ex: (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, parts of modern day Iraq)

Von Thunen Model

\

Center Position (1)

Market - where the business occurs

2nd position

* Labor Intensive crops
* farming and dairying
* produce of berries, lettuce, or tomatoes

3rd position

* managed forests
* timber and firewood used for heating, cooking, building
* weight makes transporting expensive

4th position

* Labor Extensive crops
* devotion to grains and cereal crops (rye, wheat, barley)
* Less likely to go bad quickly and not too bulky

5th position

* grazing
* livestock production

Risks of single crop economies

high use of fertilizers, pests, biodiversity, environmental pollution

Aquaculture vs Commercial Fishing

* farming of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions for human consumption

vs

* catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit

Where is the Corn Belt

From the panhandle of Texas up to North Dakota and east to Ohio

Places where Rice is the leading energy source

* Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South America

Where is wheat?

Temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere

Description of an Extractive industry

made up of mining, quarning, oil and gas industries

Place of first domestication of many animals

Middle East

Major forms of subsistence

* shifting cultivation
* pastoral nomadism
* intensive subsistence: wet rice dominant
* Plantation farming

Major forms of commercial agriculture

* Dairy farming
* Mixed crop and livestock
* Grain farming
* Livestock ranching
* Mediterranean agriculture
* Commercial gardening and fruit farming

Malnourished vs undernourished (where would we see the most?)

when your diet doesn't contain the right amount of nutrients (South Asia)

vs

specifically not getting enough nutrients (Yemen)

Practices in rice farming

1. Field Preparation
2. Flooding and Seeding
3. Maturation of Rice
4. Harvest
5. Milling and Storage

Reasons for planting drug crops in LDCs

* a vital source of economic and physical security for poor

Strategies for increasing food supply

* Reduce food waste
* Grow different crops
* Capitalize on Urban Farming
* irrigation

Common crops of mixed crop and livestock areas and reasons for their use

* beef
* milk (promotes growth and energy)
* eggs (Sources of protein for animals and plant growth)
* corn (animals feed: cows get thicccer)
* root crops (human food, animal feed)
* soybeans (animal feed: high of protein)

Describe truck farming and where it is practiced

* production of crops of some vegetables on a larger scale
* California, Texas, Florida

Sustainable yields

* the harvest of a specific resource
* Keeping the stock at the level producing maximum growth

Most common commercial agriculture in Europe

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Long Lot Plot System

long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river