Chapter 4

Anatomy and Physiology

What are the four primary tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is histology?

The study of tissues.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells that perform a common function.

What are the two forms of epithelial tissue?

Covering/lining epithelium and glandular epithelium.

List the five characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Polarity; specialized contacts; supported by connective tissue; avascular but innervated; regeneration.

What is the apical surface?

The free surface exposed to the body exterior or a cavity.

What is the basal surface?

The surface attached to the basement membrane.

What is the basement membrane?

The basal lamina plus reticular lamina anchoring epithelium.

Why is epithelial tissue avascular?

It lacks blood vessels and is nourished by diffusion.

Why is epithelial tissue innervated?

It contains nerve endings for sensation.

What does simple mean?

One cell layer.

What does stratified mean?

Two or more cell layers.

Squamous cells are what shape?

Flat.

Cuboidal cells are what shape?

Cube-shaped.

Columnar cells are what shape?

Tall.

Function of simple squamous epithelium?

Diffusion and filtration.

Location of simple squamous epithelium?

Alveoli, kidney glomeruli, endothelium, mesothelium.

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Secretion and absorption.

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Kidney tubules and small gland ducts.

Function of simple columnar epithelium?

Absorption and secretion.

Which cells secrete mucus in simple columnar epithelium?

Goblet cells.

Function of cilia?

Move mucus or reproductive cells.

Why is pseudostratified epithelium called pseudo?

It looks multilayered but is one layer.

Location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Upper respiratory tract.

Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Secretes and moves mucus.

Main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection.

Keratinized stratified squamous is found where?

Epidermis.

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous is found where?

Mouth, esophagus, vagina.

Function of transitional epithelium?

Stretching.

Location of transitional epithelium?

Bladder, ureters, urethra.

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Endocrine are ductless; exocrine use ducts.

What do goblet cells produce?

Mucin.

Four classes of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood.

Three connective tissue fibers?

Collagen, elastic, reticular.

Function of collagen fibers?

Strength.

Function of elastic fibers?

Stretch and recoil.

Function of reticular fibers?

Supportive framework.

What is ground substance?

Gel-like material filling space between cells.

Difference between blast and cyte?

Blasts build matrix; cytes maintain it.

Fibroblast becomes?

Fibrocyte.

Chondroblast becomes?

Chondrocyte.

Osteoblast becomes?

Osteocyte.

Function of areolar tissue?

Wraps and cushions organs.

Function of adipose tissue?

Energy storage, insulation, protection.

Function of reticular connective tissue?

Supports lymphoid organs.

Location of dense regular connective tissue?

Tendons and ligaments.

Function of dense regular connective tissue?

Resists tension in one direction.

Location of dense irregular connective tissue?

Dermis and organ capsules.

Function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Resists tension in many directions.

Location of elastic connective tissue?

Large arteries and certain ligaments.

Three cartilage types?

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.

Most abundant cartilage?

Hyaline.

Elastic cartilage is found where?

External ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage is found where?

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

Why does cartilage heal slowly?

It is avascular.

Bone-building cell?

Osteoblast.

Bone-maintaining cell?

Osteocyte.

Bone stores what minerals?

Calcium and phosphate.

Major functions of bone?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis, fat storage.

Most atypical connective tissue?

Blood.

Fluid matrix of blood?

Plasma.

Three muscle tissue types?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Which muscle is voluntary?

Skeletal.

Which muscle has striations and many nuclei?

Skeletal.

Which muscle has intercalated discs?

Cardiac.

Which muscle is involuntary and striated?

Cardiac.

Which muscle lacks striations?

Smooth.

Where is smooth muscle found?

Walls of hollow organs.

Two cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and neuroglia.

Function of neurons?

Transmit electrical signals.

Function of neuroglia?

Support and protect neurons.

Three covering membranes?

Cutaneous, mucous, serous.

What is the cutaneous membrane?

The skin.

What do mucous membranes line?

Body cavities open to the exterior.

What do serous membranes line?

Closed ventral body cavities.

Parietal serosa?

Lines cavity wall.

Visceral serosa?

Covers organ.

Pleura surrounds what?

Lungs.

Pericardium surrounds what?

Heart.

Peritoneum surrounds what?

Abdominopelvic organs.

Two types of tissue repair?

Regeneration and fibrosis.

First stage of tissue repair?

Inflammation.

Second stage of tissue repair?

Organization.

Third stage of tissue repair?

Regeneration and fibrosis.

Which tissues regenerate very well?

Epithelium, bone, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, blood-forming tissue.

Which tissues regenerate poorly?

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue.

Embryonic layer giving rise to nervous tissue?

Ectoderm.

Embryonic layer giving rise to muscle and connective tissue?

Mesoderm.

Epithelia arise from which germ layers?

All three germ layers.

Tissue specialized for diffusion?

Simple squamous epithelium.

Tissue with parallel collagen fibers?

Dense regular connective tissue.

Tissue that stretches with urine?

Transitional epithelium.

Tissue with goblet cells and cilia in trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.