sikopil finals (3A reports)

MENTALITY

• derives from the root word mental, from Latin ‘mens’ which means ‘mind’

• defined as a person's particular way of thinking about things

1. Pakiramdam

2. Takutan

3. Kulit

4. Patsamba-samba

Four (4) Leadership Behaviors

1. Kaluluwa

2. Budhi

3. Katauhang Panloob

4. Katauhang Panlabas

Covar’s Concept of Filipino Personhood

1. Community-Based Interventions

2. Culturally Sensitive Interventions

3. Family Centered Approach

4. Grassroots Organizing

5. Conflict Resolution Strategies

6. Trauma-Informed Case

Six (6) Practical Applications in Social Work

1. Malasakit

2. Paggalang

3. Pakikisama

4. Pagkakaisa

Four (4) Leadership Styles

FILIPINO MENTALITY

• the presence of certain mindsets or attitudes that are commonly observed in society

• this Filipino habit is a result of our social and psychological upbringing that it becomes part of who we are as individuals, and as a nation – and wherever we go, we carry this trait

1. CRAB MENTALITY

2. MAÑANA HABIT

3. NINGAS KUGON MENTALITY

4. ONE DAY MILLIONAIRE MENTALITY

5. COLONIAL MENTALITY

Examples of Filipino Mentality

CRAB MENTALITY

• “pulling someone down”

• perhaps one of the most widely recognized mindsets in Filipino culture

• refers to the tendency of individuals to pull down or undermine those who are achieving success or making progress

• this mindset stems from a sense of envy, competition, and the fear of being left behind

MAÑANA HABIT

• “procrastination”

• the term Mañana originates from the Spanish language and directly translates to "tomorrow" in English

• the regular tendency or practice of putting off until tomorrow what can be done today

• Example: Filipino Time

NINGAS KUGON MENTALITY

• “only good at the start”

• in translation, “Flame of the Cogon Grass”

• a Filipino term that describes someone who starts something with enthusiasm but is unable to finish it

ONE DAY MILLIONAIRE MENTALITY

• “splurge like there's no tomorrow”

• caused by exposure to unrealistic portrayals of wealth and a lack of financial literacy

COLONIAL MENTALITY

• refers to the internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority among individuals in colonized societies, often leading to a preference for the culture and practices of the colonizers over their own

• this mindset would negatively affect a Filipino’s sense of self-identity

• can still be seen today in various aspects of Filipino society, including media representation, beauty standards, and consumer behavior

1. PROMOTING NATIONAL PRIDE

2. CULTURAL EDUCATION

3. RESURGENCE OF INTEREST IN INDIGENOUS PRACTICES AND LANGUAGES

Efforts to Combat Colonial Mentality

FILIPINO BEHAVIOR

• refers to the common actions, habits, and mannerisms influenced by cultural values, traditions, and social norms in the Philippines

• these behaviors are shaped by historical, religious, and familial influences, making Filipinos unique in their way of interacting with others and adapting to different situations

1. HOSPITALITY

2. MADASALIN

3. MAGALANG

4. FILIPINO TIME

5. GOSSPING

6. OVERSPENDING ON CELEBRATIONS

7. PAGKAKAMAY

8. PASALUBONG

9. HATING KAPATID

Examples of Filipino Behavior

HOSPITALITY

• a cultural value that embodies warmth, care, and respect towards guests

• this attitude treats visitors like family, making them feel valued and prioritized

• when entering a Filipino home, guests are immediately offered food and drinks, accompanied by the inviting phrase "Kain na", which means "Let's eat"

• Filipino hosts prioritize their guests' comfort by providing them with cozy accommodations, making them feel at home, just like the phrase "Dito ka na muna" suggests, which means "Stay here for a while"

MADASALIN

• Filipinos are generally devout, especially in Catholicism, often praying daily, attending Mass, and seeking divine guidance in their decisions

  • Simbang Gabi

  • Holy Week

  • Miracles

MAGALANG

• being polite and showing consideration for others, especially elders and authority figures

1. PAGMAMANO

2. “PO” AT “OPO”

3. “ATE” AT “KUYA”

3 Examples/Signs of Being Magalang

FILIPINO TIME

• a common habit of arriving late to social events, although it is becoming less acceptable in professional settings

GOSSIPING

• Filipinos enjoy talking about others’ lives, which can serve as entertainment or social bonding but may also lead to conflicts

OVERSPENDING ON CELEBRATIONS

• some Filipinos prioritize extravagant fiestas, birthdays, and celebrations even when they are financially struggling

• borrowing money just to impress guests is common

PAGKAKAMAY

• believed to make the food taste better and enhances the dining experience by connecting people to their meal

PASALUBONG

• a Filipino term that refers to a tradition of bringing gifts or souvenirs to friends, family, or colleagues upon returning from a trip or visiting someone

• the purpose is to express care, gratitude, and a sense of connection between the giver and the recipient

• a gesture of thoughtfulness and a way to share the joy of travel or a visit

HATING KAPATID

• means "sibling-style equal sharing," where everything (especially food) is divided fairly among siblings

• teaches Filipino children about fairness, equality, and generosity from an early age

1. FAMILY-CENTEREDNESS

2. UTANG NA LOOB (Debt of Gratitude)

3. HOSPITALITY

4. HIYA (Sense of Shame/Propriety)

5. PAKIKISAMA (Harmony and Social Acceptance)

6. RESPECT FOR ELDERS (Paggalang)

7. BAYANIHAN (Community Spirit)

Core Values of Filipino Culture and Tradition

FAMILY-CENTEREDNESS

• the family (pamilya) is the most important social unit in Filipino society

• extended families often live together, supporting each other emotionally and financially

UTANG NA LOOB (Debt of Gratitude)

• a strong cultural value, emphasizing reciprocity

HOSPITALITY

• Filipinos warmly welcome guests, often offering food and accommodations

• common for Filipinos to share meals even with unexpected visitors.

HIYA (Sense of Shame/Propriety)

• this value influences Filipinos to behave appropriately in social situations, as they aim to avoid disgrace or embarrassment

• encourages people to act with humility and consideration for others, ensuring they uphold social norms and maintain a good reputation.

PAKIKISAMA (Harmony and Social Acceptance)

• Filipinos value smooth interpersonal relationships and strive to get along with others by practicing diplomacy, compromise, and cooperation

RESPECT FOR ELDERS (Paggalang)

• “Mano po” – A gesture of respect where younger individuals press an elder’s hand to their forehead

• elders are addressed with “po” and “opo” in conversation

BAYANIHAN (Community Spirit)

• a deep sense of unity and cooperation in helping others, especially during disasters or hardships

• traditionally, it referred to neighbors working together to relocate a house

1. FAMILY AND SOCIAL TRADITIONS

2. RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS

3. WEDDING AND COURTSHIP TRADITIONS

4. FESTIVE AND FOOD RELATED TRADITIONS

5. INDIGENOUS AND REGIONAL TRADITIONS

Kinds/Classifications of Filipino Traditions

1. CLOSE FAMILY TIES

2. BAYANIHAN (Community Spirit)

3. UTANG NA LOOB (Debt of Gratitude)

Examples of Family and Social Traditions

CLOSE FAMILY TIES

• the Filipino family extends beyond the nuclear unit, often including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

• respect for elders is shown through gestures like "mano po", where younger individuals take the hand of an elder and press it to their forehead

BAYANIHAN (Community Spirit)

• refers to helping each other selflessly, traditionally depicted by people carrying a neighbor’s house to a new location

• this spirit remains alive in community activities, volunteerism, and disaster relief efforts

UTANG NA LOOB (Debt of Gratitude)

• a cultural value that emphasizes reciprocity and deep appreciation for favors received

1. SIMBANG GABI (Night Mass)

2. PISTA (Fiesta or Festivals)

3. HOLY WEEK TRADITIONS (Semana Santa)

4. ALL SAINTS' DAY (Undas)

Examples of Religious and Spiritual Traditions

SIMBANG GABI (Night Mass)

• a nine-day Christmas novena mass held at dawn, leading up to Christmas Eve

• attending all nine masses is believed to grant a special wish

PISTA (Fiesta or Festivals)

• every town and city celebrates fiestas in honor of patron saints, often with parades, feasts, and cultural performances

• Examples:

  • Sinulog Festival (Cebu) – Honoring the Sto. Niño with a grand parade

  • Pahiyas Festival (Quezon) – A thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest

  • Ati-Atihan Festival (Aklan) – A vibrant street festival celebrating indigenous heritage

HOLY WEEK TRADITIONS (Semana Santa)

• includes processions, the reenactment of Christ’s Passion, and fasting

• n some areas, actual crucifixions are performed as acts of devotion

ALL SAINTS' DAY (Undas)

• Filipinos visit cemeteries on November 1st to light candles, bring flowers, and hold vigils for departed loved ones

1. HARANA (Serenading)

2. PAMAMANHIKAN (Marriage Proposal Visit)

3. FILIPINO WEDDING TRADITIONS

Examples of Wedding and Courtship Traditions

HARANA (Serenading)

• a traditional way of courtship where a man sings romantic songs outside a woman's window

• although rare today, it remains a cherished symbol of Filipino romance

PAMAMANHIKAN (Marriage Proposal Visit)

• the groom and his family formally visit the bride’s family to ask for her hand in marriage

• involves a discussion of wedding plans and a symbolic exchange of gifts or dowry

1. ARRHAE (coins)

2. CORD (yugal)

3. VEIL

Examples of Filipino Wedding Traditions

ARRHAE (coins)

• the groom gives 13 coins to symbolize prosperity

CORD (yugal)

• a ceremonial cord is draped over the couple, symbolizing unity

VEIL

• placed over the couple to signify protection and blessing

1. TINIKLING (Folk Dance)

2. PAGTATAWAS (Folk Healing)

3. KULINTANG AND KUDYAPI (Traditional Music)

Examples of Indigenous and Regional Traditions

TINIKLING (Folk Dance)

• a traditional dance where performers skip between moving bamboo poles, imitating the movement of the tikling bird

PAGTATAWAS (Folk Healing)

• a traditional practice of diagnosing illness using melted wax or smoke

KULINTANG (a set of gongs) and KUDYAPI (two-stringed, fretted boat-lute)

• traditional musical instruments played in indigenous communities

PAMAHIIN

• a Filipino term that means "superstition"

• refers to a belief or practice that is based on the idea that certain events will bring good or bad luck

• these customs are typically rooted in cultural traditions, spiritual practices, or folk wisdom, and are believed to influence daily life, fate, and well-being

1. SWEEPING AT NIGHT

2. STAIRCASES

3. LIGHTING A TRIO CANDLE

4. BUTTERFLIES

5. WALL CLOCK & BED SHOULDN’T FACE THE DOOR

6. WHISTLING INDOORS

7. “SUKOB”

8. “PAGPAG”

9. AVOID THE GROUP OF 3’S IN PICTURES

Examples of Filipino Pamahiin

1. Pagtalon tuwing Bagong Taon

2. Pagkain ng ubas tuwing Bagong Taon

3. Malas ang Itim na pusa

4. Pag nahulog ang kutsara o tinidor, may bisitang darating

5. Pag makati ang kamay, may darating na pera

6. Baliktarin ang damit kapag nawawala •

7. Iwasan ang pagbiyahe bago grumaduate

8. Bawal matulog kapag basa ang buhok

Other Common Filipino Tradition

SWEEPING AT NIGHT

• probably the most common superstition among all

• although there’s no logical explanation for this, many Filipinos still believe that this can spur away good blessings

STAIRCASES

• should have an even number of steps and be counted in a series of threes called “oro, plata, mata” which literally translates to “gold, silver, death”

LIGHTING A TRIO CANDLE

• comes from the belief that the person who stands closest to the shortest candle will be the first to die

• there is also a belief that a couple whose candle goes out first during a wedding will be the first couple to die

BUTTERFLIES

• a Black Butterfly inside the house is believed to bring death to the household; if a Brown butterfly comes in, that’s your dead loved one

WALL CLOCK & BED SHOULDN’T FACE THE DOOR

• some people believe that a clock facing the door invites bad energy or spirits into the house, and could symbolize that time is running out

• bed facing the door mimics the traditional placement of a body in a coffin. When someone is at rest, a person facing the door (especially head-on) is thought to be "ready for death"

WHISTLING INDOORS

• it's thought it can attract negative energy, cause financial loss, or even invite mischievous spirits, as the sound is believed to be an invitation for them to enter

• some also associate it with "stirring up" bad spirits, and it's often discouraged, especially at night

SUKOB

• a Tagalog word that means "huddling together" or "sharing cover"

• s also a Filipino wedding superstition that considers it bad luck to get married in the same year as a sibling or family member who dies

PAGPAG

• a Filipino superstition that involves stopping somewhere other than home after attending a wake

• the belief is that this confuses spirits who might be trying to follow you home

AVOID THE GROUP OF 3’S IN PICTURES

• grouping yourselves in sets of 3s (especially in pictures) is considered bad luck

• many Filipinos believe that the one in the middle might actually die

KASABIHAN

• a Tagalog word that means "saying"

• represents short expressions that convey lessons, advice, or truths

• many of these have been passed down through generations, originating from the time before Spanish colonization. This means they reflect the values and wisdom of ancient Filipino societies

1. "Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan, hindi makakarating sa paroroonan."

2. "Laging nasa huli ang pagsisisi."

3. "Ang buhay ay parang gulong, minsang nasa ibabaw, minsang nasa ilalim."

4. "Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa."

5. "Ang masamang damo ay matagal mamatay."

6. "Anak na di paluluhain, ina ang patatangisin."

7. "Kapag binato ka ng bato, batuhin mo ng tinapay."

Examples of Filipino Kasabihan

"Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan, hindi makakarating sa paroroonan."

• "He who forgets where he came from will never reach his destination”

• there are several ways it can be interpreted, but many people use it to refer to the importance of repaying a favor.

"Laging nasa huli ang pagsisisi."

• “Regret is always at the end”

• no one regrets their action at first. Being sorry about something always comes after the damage has been done

• “Life is like a wheel: Sometimes you’re up, and sometimes you’re down”

• they say life is full of ups and downs, and we can’t expect to be happy all the time.

"Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa. "

• “To be merciful is God’s; to act is man’s”

• the bahala na mentality, or the concept that the future is up in the air, is deep within the psyche of the Filipino people. Many Filipinos fail to reach their true potential because of this

"Ang masamang damo ay matagal mamatay."

• “Weeds don’t die easily”

• this proverb has long been used to describe evil people, particularly why they always seem to live longer

"Anak na di paluluhain, ina ang patatangisin."

• “An undisciplined child will leave his mother in tears”

• this is the Filipino equivalent of the Biblical proverb that says, “He who spares the rod hates his son.” Spanking a child for bad behavior may be taboo in Western countries, but in the Philippines, it has been common practice to hit a child with a stick as a form of discipline

"Kapag binato ka ng bato, batuhin mo ng tinapay."

• “When someone throws a stone at you, throw back a piece of bread”

• in life, you’ll encounter people who will oppress you and do their best to bring you down. It’s tempting to take vengeance against such people, but no proverb is more full of wisdom than this one, telling us not to retaliate

1. PRE-SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

2. THE RISE OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

3. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO AFTER ENRIQUEZ

Three (3) Stages in Philippine Psychology

1. ACADEMIC-SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY

2. ACADEMIC-PHILISOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY

3. ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY

4. TRADITIONAL PSYCHO-MEDICAL SYSTEM

Four Separate Historical Threads or “Filiations” of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Zeus Salazar)

ACADEMIC-SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY

• entered the country in 1925 when Dr. Agustin Alonzo came back to the University of the Philippines and became chair of the U.P. Department of Psychology

• brought back American-oriented educational psychology and was mentor to a number of known Filipino psychologists

• may then be viewed as a tool of colonization

ACADEMIC-PHILISOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY

• starting with the establishment of a system of higher education in the University of Santo Tomas during the Spanish times

• in the institutions of higher learning run by the Spanish clerics, psychological material was introduced via courses in philosophy and medicine

ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY

• supposedly began with the coming into contact of Filipinos and the foreign colonizers

1. KATUTUBONG SIKOLOHIYA

2. PSYCHOLOGY OF FILIPINOS

3. PRACTICE OF PSYCHOLOGY OF FILIPINOS FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN TIMES

Three (3) Levels of Ethnic Psychology (Zeus Salazar)

TRADITIONAL PSYCHO-MEDICAL SYSTEM

• this had religion as its basis and explanation

• continues to exist and is utilized by many Filipinos, particularly in rural areas or when facing problems that are not adequately addressed by mainstream approaches

• Examples: Albularyo, Babaylan, Faith Healers, Manghihilot

THE RISE OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

• in 1971, Virgilio G. Enriquez came back to the University of the Philippines with his Ph.D. in psychology from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois

• he advocated for a Sikolohiyang Pilipino that would be "based on the experience, ideas and orientation of the Pilipino (Enriquez, 1976)" and people took note, resonating to the issues raised

1. First Conference on Filipino Psychology (1975)

2. Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao

3. Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino

4. Samahang Pilipino sa Sikolohiya ng Wika

5. Samahang Pilipino sa Sikolohiya ng Bata

6. Philippine Psychology Research and Training House (PPRTH)

7. Pandaigdigang Katipunan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Some Examples of Enriquez Contributions

ROGELIA PE-PUA

Who is the hear-apparent after the death of Enqiuez? She also had ably assisted Enriquez since her student days and the inception of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and was by then an assistant professor at the University of the Philippines Department of Psychology.

GRACE DALISAY and ELIZABETH MARCELINO (now DE CASTRO)

The task fell on these two ladies who are both former students and later colleagues of Enriquez at the university.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

• the scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations

SELF-CONCEPT

• the set of ideas, images, beliefs, or schemas a person has about the self

• multidimensional and may change depending on current thoughts, situations, and social experiences

WORKING SELF-CONCEPT

• refers to the specific aspect of the self that is active at any moment

LOOKING-GLASS SELF

• how others perceive us influences how we see ourselves

• described as our tendency to use others as a mirror for understanding who we are

INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE

• prioritizes personal independence, self-expression, and individual achievement

COLLECTIVIST CULTURE

• emphasizes group harmony, social roles, and interdependence

• prioritizes family, community, and group well-being

SEPARATED SELF

• emerges in cultures prioritizing individual autonomy and self-sufficiency.

• characterized by clear personal boundaries; identity is distinct from others

RELATIONAL SELF

• develops in cultures emphasizing social connectedness and interpersonal harmony

• identity is deeply embedded within relationships; fluid personal boundaries overlap with family and social groups

1. Obedience to Elders

2. Filial Duty and Sacrifice

3. Intergenerational Support

4. Economic & political context

The Family: Shaping Behavior, Values, and Expectations

1. PROXIMITY

2. SIMILARITY

Factors that Help Initiate Friendship

CONFORMITY

• a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

1. COMPLIANCE

2. OBEDIENCE

Two (2) Kinds/Classifications of Conformity

1. INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

2. NORMATIVE INFLUENCE

Why People Conform?

INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

• people conform because they believe others know better than them; if others are right and you follow them, you will be right also